Augustin IOAN
ROMANIAN ORTHODOX ARCHITECTURE
– A RETROSPECT AFTER TEN YEARS –
I have been a careful observer of the programme for building new Romanian Orthodox abodes after 1990 and, to a certain extent, even a direct participant1 in the process. Incidentally, I know personally the authors of the most interesting projects of new churches (not so incidentally practically none of the respective projects was carried out). I organized an exhibition entitled “New Churches” at the House of Latin America in 1996, which then travelled to the Romanian Cultural Centre of New York (1996) and the Accademia di Romania (1997). I edited an issue entitled “New Churches” of the Arhitectura magazine (1-2/1999) and a CD-ROM on the topic “Modern and Contemporary Christian Orthodox Architecture” at Paideia Publishing House (2000). I also wrote a few books addressing the matter of the sacred space2 both from the vantage of architecture and the hermeneutics of the biblical text. As this experience, as much as it is, directly connects with the topic of the sacred space and because it also pertains to the public space, involving to a great extent aspects of professional deontology and ethics of the actors of the public space, I will present several contemporary problems of the sacred space as perceived by the theorist and also by the practitioner of architecture.
A Brief History
After 1990 it became obvious that there will be a huge pressure to build rapidly new cult abodes for all the denominations. More than a thousand suggestions of new churches were put forth for approval by various specialized bodies, which also mushroomed. In the first years of the decade several national contests were organized, some under the umbrella of the Architects’ Union. To name only the competition for the Heroes’ Chapel at the cemetery of the martyrs of the 1989 Revolution, appended to the Bellu graveyard; the contest for the chapel of the Cristiana establishment; the competition for a cathedral in Suceava. After a while, these contests began to take place only very seldom, outside the rules established by the Architects’ Union on the basis of the regulations of the International Architects’ Union, (see the contest for the Braşov cathedral). Eventually, they stopped altogether. Finally, in 1999 a competition for the cathedral of the Redemption the Nation was organized by the Patriarchate and MLPAT on the fringes of the regulations mentioned.
As to discussions of ideas on the programme worth mentioning is the first wide-scope event of this genre put together by the Ministry of Culture in Brăila (on the occasion of the competition for the cathedral to be built there), in 1990. Andrei Pleşu and Theodor Baconsky masterminded this “session of scientific talks attended by public”. In the lobby of the theatre where the discussions were held an exhibition was also opened of related projects. Subsequently, the Union of Romanian Architects took over and organized in the first years of the decade several debates on contemporary Christian Orthodox architecture, inviting representatives of the clergy, hierarchs and fine artists to attend (Horia Bernea and Sorin Dumitrescu, for instance). Unfortunately, with the exception of random notes in the specialized magazine (Arhitext and Arhitectura) the contents of these debates, touching most variegated topics, were never made available to the public interested: from the architecture of the new religious abodes to the necessity of rebuilding the Văcăreşti Monastery. In mid decade all preoccupation with the programme seemed to have faded, at last from the vantage of architects, judging by the meagre number of meetings, competitions or public conferences. Seemingly, the task devolved on the younger ones to take over, which some actually did (see the exhibition “New Churches”).
Several books dedicated to the sacred space began, discreetly, to be printed. Among the first was the volume by Radu Drăgan and myself (Being and Space, Bucharest, All, 1992). Others followed: dedicated to the churches demolished, a serious study strictly limited though to the documentary interest of the topic. Then recently, other studies focussing on the churches in Bucharest or the synagogues in Romania, or various other matters or the architecture of the Transylvanian wooden churches. Doctoral dissertations were defended at UAUIM on the architecture of the Christian Orthodox churches (Smaranda Bica, 1999) which, at least address this topic in the context of contemporary architecture. Studies on the roles of parishes or other religious abodes were published by the cultural press. I will mention here only the one on the roles of parishes in the makeup of the urban space by Prof. Dr. Sanda Voiculescu in Secolul 20 dedicated to Bucharest (1997). The study dealing with Bucharest between the Orient and the Occident written by Dana Harhoiu (Bucharest, Simetria, 1997) is basically a topological analysis of the situation in urban context of the Bucharest churches. In relation with the results thereof the book evinces a series of privileged positions and trajectories of urban composition (centre, directing axes, concentric circles) that are defined by cult abodes or monasteries. This is neither a bibliography sufficiently rich nor extremely variegated as level of analysis of the matter of sacred architecture. Its seems that Mircea Eliade’s overwhelming presence somehow represses or simply postpones contemporary discussions, by new methodologies based on fresh results coming from the socio-humanistic sciences. The theoretical exercises and the research into the edified substance of the sacred space, due for nearly two decades now to architects like Ioan Andreescu, Vlad Gaivoroski (Timişoara) or Florin Biciuşcă (Bucharest) continue to remain unknown and therefore not localized as priorities at the time of their emergence because of the more general absence of a critical history of architecture on the present-day territory of Romania, and especially in the post-war epoch.
The thoughts of theologians, if worded, continue to stay far from the public space and do not point to a constant, priority theoretical preoccupation to become manifest in volumes (even collective), in exhibitions, in symposia or at least in significant public interventions. The few texts written especially for magazines outside the theological sphere (Vatra, Transilvania, Arhitectura) are obviously circumstantial and lacking the substance of the applied study, no matter the conclusions arrived at. Most often than not, they are litanies strewn with uncommented quotes from the Bible called up to clinch the discussion even when (and especially then) their significance in the context invoked remains obscure.
About Hybris in the New Christian Orthodox Architecture
The first competition for the Heroes’ Chapel (1991) was extremely interesting because it evinced for the first time a few things that could already be guessed:
a) The science of founding and respectively the mastery of designing churches were lost in the fifty yeas when only by a happy accident new Christian Orthodox churches were built.
b) There is a major break between the fascination of architects with modernity and, in general, “heroic” gestures on the one hand and, the way hierarchs and the clergy of the Romanian Orthodoxy understand the matter of building new religious abodes.
At the end of the contest it had become clear for everybody that a hiatus existed, that the gestures to meet half way were but few and mostly rhetorical and that the very accommodation with arguments of the others, to say nothing of their acceptance, would take many years. To begin with, the clergy began to attack, supported in the background by several socialistic architects. Thus, for all their exceptional project the team of architects Dan Marin and Zeno Bogdănescu was awarded only the second prize. The opinion of the representative of the clergy and of the then minister of culture (although for different reasons) had the same result. It was not the respective project that was implemented and none those present in the competition either, although some of them were interesting.3 Subsequently, the protest against the modernity of the designs in competition was joined (most likely manipulated and anyway, guilty) by that coming from the association of the descendants of those deceased and buried in the cemetery to which the chapel was dedicated. What should have been a signal of radical renewal (the chapel dedicated to the heroes of the revolution) was designed by a team of anonymous persons to whom the project was directly and surreptitiously entrusted), erected on the q.t., and at present is one of the most ludicrous new constructions in Bucharest, that by this demarche belittles the very significance of the sacrifice the chapel is supposed to guard and honour.
The competition for Cristiana, won by the same team of young architects (Dan Marin/Zeno Bogdanescu)4 had a less tragic result at the respective moment, meaning that it produced a first prize — likewise outstanding by the ability of wielding and stylising the forms of traditional Christian Orthodox architecture in a contemporary vocabulary — which began to be implemented. At a certain moment, because of the disputes between the Patriarchate and the respective settlement, the works had to be stopped and to my knowledge they were not resumed.
The competition for Suceava, sponsored by the then newly created Metropolitan of Moldavia, H.E. Daniel produced a result which then, as today, continues to seem strange. The winning team of architect Constantin Gorcea proposed an object supported by a three-dimensional metallic structure on the east-west axis, the lateral facades becoming thus a sort of concrete and stone “strips” wrapping the body of a traditional church. The abode looked rather like a building site caught in full swing of work, with scaffoldings strangely put up, for the restoration of an object on which several innovative techniques of “packaging” had been attempted, similar to those practised by the Bulgarian-born artist Christo.5 As part of the results were published in their time by the specialized magazines we can note that the jury opted for radical renewal (even at the cost of disfiguring the traditional model). The fact that architects prevailed on that jury justifies, most likely, the respective decision. This church has not managed to go beyond the level of foundations and already seems a scrapped project. About the Braşov contest there is not a lot of public information. Through the good will of the authors I have managed, nonetheless, to obtain and publish two of the projects presented in the competition, one of them being the winner.
Not even at the time of this text’s writing (early 2000) are there any courses given in the architecture schools of Romania on the sacred architecture (the history of this programme in various denominations, theory and practice in the field). The church is not frequently found as a design topic, or diploma subject. In the rare cases when such a project was nonetheless suggested to the students priests or hierarchs were never invited to discuss with them. The results are matching, granted big marks and displayed in exhibitions. They put forth gigantic forms, so-called “symbolical’, without any reference to tradition or at least to the spirit of the place, strange objects detached from the built and cultural context where they ought to function as a repository through time. However, the situation might change. Together with professor Florin Biciuşcă and a number of enthusiasts we are in the process of launching the anthropology of the sacred space as a field of undergraduate specialisation followed by a masters course in sacred architecture from the academic year 2001-2002. There are only several others in the world devoted to the question of sacred spaces and their present status (among the more prestigious is the MIT program on Islamic architecture sponsored by the Aga Khan Foundation) and none addresses the topic of Orthodox heritage and religious architecture. This could be a first step in the right direction.
On the other hand though, the architectural education still lacks the kind of sensitivity that is vital to understanding and nourish such an approach: in restoration projects there is an infinite reluctance before any new intervention, or contemporary addition which, well poised, can illuminate exactly the aura of the past that such a restoration should give back to the monument or the ensemble. Finally, one or maximum two diplomas per class and not in all years, go to show that where there is no didactic interest it cannot be compensated by any such thing from the students either than by individual ricochet. Everywhere hundred of hotels, of towers darting to the sky, of mediatheques; hi-tech expressionism and radical deconstruction. No church though. This is a proportion that reflects the other way round that on the market where the future architects will actually work, and which, in the inverted relationship established rather mirrors the gap between present-day architectural education, research and production.
This leaves the future professionals deprived of any trace of professionalism when it comes to meeting an order for a sacred space. The errors and the delay of all attempt to devise consistent, institutionalised, collaborative problems out of this topic become visible in time. Ten fingers are too many to number the successes scored in building Christian Orthodox churches built in Romania in the last ten years. Not all the failures can be laid on the architects, but no doubt that successes are due at least to yet another person: the hierarch of the place, the parish priest or the generous enlightened sponsor. The contest involving the Cathedral for the Redemption of the Nation showed one more time the dead-end where the Romanian Christian Orthodox architecture stands today and the confusion in which wallow those on whom its destiny depends.6
On the one hand, the few interesting projects were put into fact and commented publicly only by individual, isolated efforts. Most of these (still young) architects are radical and refuse meetings half-way, “concessions” to what they think to be the right path for the integral, unmitigated rewriting of the Christian Orthodox abodes. The presence of the interlocutors — community, clergy — bothers them and does nothing but further enhance their demiurgic spirit for which any failure to have a church erected exclusively as they want is one more proof that they are right. On the other hand, the current, massive production of Christian Orthodox spaces is not discussed publicly, with examples, and in no way systematically. The huge majority of the clergy and the hierarchs, part of the architects are therefore explicitly against the renewal of the architectural idiom, be it in “moderate” forms. The schools of theology do not give critical courses going beyond the stage of encomiastic presentation of sacred architecture or any on the presentation of the contemporary sacred architecture in the other Christian churches and denominations, or at least of the other monotheist religions as it would be minimally necessary, given the admirable examples of mosques and synagogues designed by brilliant names of modern and contemporary architects.
The Minister of Public Works’ commission on religious architecture, set up in order to dam the flood of bad designs, features too few architects specialized in the field one way or another. It therefore takes upon itself competencies that it cannot prove or support, while vying with the local advisers in matters of town planning or architectural competence, thus saving them from the responsibility of their own signature. This becomes a mere formal act once the approval from “the upper echelons” is obtained. The commission stopped less failures than it gave green light to, or was detoured by with the complicity of local authorities. Customers, clergy and heads of local urban planning services perceive it as another instance of centralism, a new reason of alienation as to the oppressive “centre” and consequently, undermine, in their turn, its authority and efficiency by any means, in a natural self-defence reaction.
Modern vs. Traditional. An Identity Crisis
I have attended the round tables organized by the Union of Romanian Architects on the topic and, in the absence of the reports thereof to quote from them, I would like to point again to the discrepancy between the discourses of the clergy and the architects. From then on, no gesture of reconciliation was made at institutional level. After ten years, given that there already exists a “critical mass” of projects and works already done, a comparison can already be made between them. Also a classification may be established of the various orientations that the architects privileged in their designs and that the sponsors accepted (where the church has been set up or where building efforts are under way) or rejected (where the least attempt to start building was stopped from the very first).
In a previous book, referring to the history of the Romanian Orthodox architecture I gave a classification of the procedures by which the then architects in their attempt to create an identity for their edifices — and as a ricochet of the communities to which those churches were dedicated — put them at work. I will rephrase it here adding nuances that I have discovered meanwhile to be necessary and then I will try to notice to what extent such a classification is still relevant today.
In relation with the identity mechanisms two big categories can be distinguished, as well as a third that ignores them deliberately:
a) projects that use precedents belonging to the medireview past as source of inspiration, asserting therefore that although different, the planimetric, volume and decoration typologies from Wallachia and Moldavia can be used to reshape the national identity of the two provinces together (subsequent to 1918, of all). Here there are two sub-categories: a1) that of “regionalist” designs that use the data of the local context in designing the new abode, even if this means that between them and a building belonging to another cult or another ethnic group there is a bigger similarity than as to a Christian Orthodox church elsewhere (e.g. the inter-bella churches on Prahova Valley, the Constantin and Elena Church of Constanţa, built in the same limestone and with a tower reminding of that of local mosques; some Christian Orthodox churches in Transylvania in the inter-bella period, similar to the Catholic or Protestant architecture of the place). a2) The “combinational” projects where the cult abode is the result of putting together elements proper to the medireview churches in the two historical provinces in one edifice (e.g. the new church of the Sinaia monastery, which is extremely important because it is a complex that for a long time was used as a princely/royal residence.
b) Projects that refuse medireview precedents for the very reason they do not resemble as related to the project of erasing discrepancies between historical provinces and creating a nation state but which continue to believe identity to be a favourite topic of Christian Orthodox architecture. The use of the medireview precedent to establish a national specific raised two major problems for the Christian Orthodox architecture : if the precedent was a village church it could not be used as an a equate model for urban cathedrals that had to be monumental. If the reference addressed ampler churches, monasteries, the problem arose of the inconvenient ethnic origin of the masters that erected them (Serbians in Wallachia, Caucasians and Slavs in Moldavia). In exchange, this new projects propose the celebration of the origin of the nation, be it the blood or religious origin. In this second category fall other two sub-classes: b 1) the projects here assert the Latinity and Romanity of the Romanians as a strong criterion of identity and therefore, along the line promoted also by the official lay architecture of the Carol II regime, they send rather to the rationalist and the neo-imperial architecture of Mussolini’s epoch (for instance, the Church of the Kin, 1940, architects Constantin Joja and N. Goga, photo), projects for the competition of the Christian Orthodox Cathedral of Odessa, 1942, by the same architects, now in separate teams, photo. B 2) The other projects refer to the Byzantine origin of the Romanians’ faith. Since the Romanians were born Christian Orthodox (a slogan that continues to be circulated even today by the clergy with the same lack of discernment) it results that the new Christian Orthodox architecture had to be Byzantine (for instance, the metropolitan Cathedral of Sibiu, St. Elefterie Nou and Caşin of Bucharest, etc.)
c) In the class of projects that invent a new Christian Orthodox architecture, urban as a rule, there are other two sub-classes. c1) Those that feature monumental elements belonging to sacred and lay programmes, local and western, an extremely proficient direction of architecture before the war, “eclectic” too (in the sense shown at a2) but ready to use — in order to endow its new edifices with an urban scale, as Tsar Peter the Great of Russia had done at St. Petersburg, — any sort of formally convenient imported element. This explains how come the Cluj Cathedral has a cupola that reminds equally of the Paris Pantheon and St. Paul’s of London, just like the Neo-Romanian cathedrals of Petre Antonescu in New Churches mix elements impossible to identify as source, belonging both to the sacred architecture (pan-Christian) and the lay one (local and international). c2) Moreover, here we also have pre-eminently modern projects (as related to the time when they were laid down), where we can pinpoint very few achievements due especially to the programme for the construction of Christian Orthodox abodes in the ‘30s (the central cathedral of Hunedoara is such an example). Likewise, here we can speak of the theoretical consequences of Petre Antonescu’s 1942 study quoted before where he puts together what we could call a rhetoric of the modernization of Christian Orthodox architecture in the name of changing materials (from wood to brick and stone, and hence to reinforced concrete), also as a result of this change, a new morphology that time and technologies impose. Before the war this direction stayed on the fringes of the production of sacred spaces.
That moment put a stop to the becoming of Christian Orthodox architecture well after 1989. The few churches erected in the communist period in no way stand testimony to their historical time (see the Ghencea church, 1957, weirdly resembling a design by Petre Antonescu from Biserici nouă or the Cuvioasa Paraschiva church of Bucharest by architect Anghel Marcu, see Architectura 1-2/99, 33.
The biggest part of the good-quality architectural production (practically reduced to projects with a few notable exceptions) pertains to the latter direction, c2) in the above scheme, only theoretically imposed by Petru Antonescu. Modernization (more marked than what it meant in the ‘40s) presupposes now a radical architectural idiom even at the cost of a breach with the past: a breach that, in fact, actually spanned fifty years.
The arguments of this modernizing direction are also consonant with the ones of the “eclectics” in category c1) of the classification suggested since present-day architects are ready to accommodate any contemporary direction (Mario Botta, himself author of famous churches, and also Tadao Ando are among the first and most influential recognizable agents) and to dress the Christian orthodox church in it, supposedly because since “types” stay constant, they can take any statement, no matter how contemporary. In other words, “Platonists” themselves, these architects think that the “essence” of a Christian Orthodox church can be extracted from the becoming of this architectural type and consequently garbed in contemporary attire. There are thus several projects that try to preserve the “canonical” planimetry (lacking the essential specification of the region of inspiration) one or two vaults and, perhaps a compulsorily “stylised” belfry, but attired in an architecture behind which the destination of the building is too severely camouflaged (proof of this stand some of the initial designs of the Timişoara team of Andreescu-Gaivoronski, of Florin Languri or the Suceava project of Constantin Gorcea, mentioned above. If the “destination” (that is the ritual and the other aspects of the cult) are not modernized, architecture can update by itself — it is its duty to do it— the church: building, institution and ecclesia , this seems to be the slogan of the streamlining direction.
As a sub-category of the streamlining direction we find the symbolists. They ask questions regarding the major significances of the sacred space or the metaphors describing it better and then try to transpose them in contemporary language. This is the case of the church/ship by Radu Teaca, which rhymes with the chapel by the new star of European architecture, Matti Sanaksenaho (better known and freely put together.7) The metaphor of hospitality, enhanced by the significance of the place to which it is destined, becomes obvious from the proposition of Virgil Luşcov for the 1991 competition for the Heroes’ Chapel the wall with the entrance and the one to the south too (to the graveyard), both concave, are modelled as two cupped hands (Arhitectura 1-2/99, 12).
Now and then there are references to one or another of the medireview precedents, chosen according to exclusively “modern”, minimalist” criteria (the infirmary of the Cozia Monastery, for instance) but they are often reduced to an alternation of stone courses and masonry, manifest when converted into decoration, when a masonry procedure is made apparent. This obviously “superfluous”, “futile” procedure is used by the very adepts of the most severe minimalism, without being hit by the inaugural paradox of their demarche.
Moreover, there are also makers of “collages” of elements, chosen at random from the architecture of prestigious precedents, Romanian and foreign, which they combine (necessarily “essentialized”) in a new object. Along this line, it is interesting to note the attention acquired in the new Christian Orthodox architecture by the Greek cross plan, built extremely seldom in the Romanian medireview provinces. The project for the Christian Orthodox cathedral of Oradea (architect Radu Teaca) and many of the contributions to the competition for the Cathedral of the Nation use such an “alien” planimetry. In this procedure we find an echo of N. Goga’s presentation in the competition for the Cathedral of Odessa, severely rebuked by some of the members of the jury for its modernism; the architect proposed to produce a symmetrical plan on both cardinal axes, therefore on the north-south axis too, a thing not seen with the wood house-churches in the Transylvanian Middle Ages where the symmetry is due though to the analogy between the inner spatial tripartite analogy of the dwelling and not to the deliberate gesture of the master builder. In order to obtain this “un-orthodox” effect, the architect introduces a buffer between the pronaos and the naos, innovating thus the planimetry of the Christian Orthodox architecture.
Collages are also the projects like the ones for the Romanian settlement of Jericho (Photo) by architects Sorin Vasilescu and Horea Gavriş, 1998 where traditional elements are joined, here and there updated by a contemporary reference (the wood structure of the vaults and of the cupola, for instance) that render more tensional the relationship between the new and the old.
There are also some who make direct references to such inter-bella churches, whether built or not; in Platonist terms, they produce “copies of the copies”. Antonescu himself is revisited in some of the “typified projects” he proposed in Biserici nouă. I too did it with the planimetry of two of the churches I designed (Amara II and Feteşti-Colonişti). The fact that he saw possible the non-traditional use of reinforced concrete which, eventually would produce images to be recognized as belonging to the Christian Orthodox space, helps, no doubt, towards his re-assessment. Constantin Joja (alongside his colleague, N. Goga) is also rediscovered; here I claim a certain merit since I have written about his projects and republished several images of his 1940 and 1942 projects. The fact that these designs, without making any reference to the Romanian medireview past, manage to be absolutely contemporary, on the one hand, with the architecture of their time, and on the other hand be considered “genuinely Romanian,” seemed to me an outstanding coincidence.
Often, between the two terms the relation of opposition is made visible and not that of coincidence. This accounts for the fact that in the Dilema issue dedicated to the Cathedral of the Nation I proposed a new discussion of the most advanced conceptually of all the designs proposed by the Romanian Orthodox architecture, that put forth by the team Joja-Goga, dating to 1940. With the exception of H.E. Bartolomeu Anania — a fellow of the architect’s once with the same Iron Guard convictions, and subsequently imprisoned with Joja — who in the same issue of Dilema thought possible a contemporary reinterpretation of a design for a big church to which Joja returned several times during his lifetime, nobody else chimed in.8 Such a revisitation is likewise visible in some of the projects for the competitions for the Cathedral of the Nation, for instance that of the Tanascaux team that came with a superweight version of the above-mentioned 1940 Church of the Nation by the Joja-Goga team, yet situated on the spot of the former St. Vineri Church.
Critical Regionalism — An Alternative?
My point is the following: since there exists an actually irreconcilable diversity of medireview “exemplary models”, to which recently was added the international success of the wood church, probably that the attitude the least “contaminated” by the counterfeit rhetoric of the national identity is that of “critical regionalism”. This, localizing and a preserver of the local specific and/or regional, contextualist traits is the only one which, while allowing modernity to work can maintain a satisfactory index of “recognizability” by the community of the new edifice as a Christian Orthodox church. By producing the identification with the local tradition, this procedure permits acceptance by the community and thus can mould the context where it deviates and can renew it where it is retarded; in both cases, such architecture can impose the quality standards of the local built environment without it causing alienation through sudden modernization or “uprooted” forms.
Likewise, my argument is related to the Christian architecture and has a scale component: the cathedral, especially, in towns, should preserve —at least to a certain extent, through the visual presence of the main belfry — distinction as related to the environment of the situation. Petre Antonescu in his turn demanded the same thing in 1940, only that he asked for a proportional aggrandizement of religious abodes; or if the block is not a scale increase of the traditional house why should the cathedral be strictly an amplification of the village church? At the same time with the erection of an imposing, central church I think as many district churches as possible are necessary which should articulate the parish as a basic element of the community. These are desperately needed in the block-of-flat districts of dormitory cities, whose inhabitants manage only with great difficulty to put together such abodes. These can operate first of all as what they actually are, anyway, that is socius: public places, as well as edifices, district centres, meeting places of the persons living in the neighbourhood. As (a modest though efficient) agora, the cult abode of a unit of vicinity can invent connections between people, can institute hierarchies in the aggregating community (through parish committees and donations to the cult abode) and therefore a form of articulation from the basis to the top of society. If the church is the vehicle by means of which a society can be structured today in Romania, then this vehicle should be used to the maximum, and the state and local administrations that are directly interested in social cohesion should support the efforts of the individuals that want this, but for the time being possess only material means sufficient to put up inadequate makeshift shelters with a wood cross on their roofs.
The Cathedral of the Redemption of the Nation
Discreetly put forth as early as 1990 as a future topic of meditation, the project for a monumental patriarchal cathedral became public in 1995 and, after the change of regime in 1996, it gained even sharper contours: next it garnered the direct support — encroaching all legal approval procedures in force at that time — of the then Premier Ciorbea, of the interim mayor of Bucharest Lis, and the president of the Chamber of Deputies, Ion Diaconescu.9 These ones, together with the minister of public works did not spare any effort in the media to manipulate the institutions and ignore all legal, professionally approaches needed from the city-planning vantage.10 Some intellectuals protested.11 In fact, the magazine 22 and Dilema dedicated specialized issues to the discussion of the project in general. Similarly, Vestitorul Ortodoxiei, the official organ of the Patriarchate, also began direct attacks at the intellectuals “isolated from the people, free masons, perverted by Illuminist ideas” as Mr. Constantin Bălăceanu Stolnici define them in an interview granted to the BBC (Romanian department) in a programme dedicated to the topic by those who proposed it or had objections at the designs, ranging from the immorality of the founding hierarchs (Andrei Pleşu), to the gigantism of the proposed object (Alexandru Beldiman). More details on the matter are to be found in the extremely rigorous article dedicated to the compulsory steps to be taken from the legal, city-planning and architectural vantages, as worded and published in magazine 22, dedicated to the Cathedral, by the former architect-in-chief of Bucharest, Prof. Dr. Peter Derer. The conflict on this topic with the interim mayor of Bucharest led to the resignation of Professor Derer from his position.
After having the subject of location dominating all discussions and after the Commission of Monuments (in a mistaken move, given what happened subsequently) opposed categorically the location of the abode in the Carol Park,12 the decision was eventually made: the cathedral would be situated in the Union Plaza. I think it was an erroneous decision of the Commission which, under the pretext of preserving the place of the former 1906 royal exhibition as a historical site (unfortunately, not much is left of the respective spot) actually managed to conserve only the monument of communist “heroes”, a very good example in its genre, for that matter (architect Maicu). A project to somehow include this monument or to convert it into a sacred space would be extremely interesting architecturally speaking (the five arcs could have supported the bells of the new abode, as the press of the time maintained, and the present monument of the unknown hero would have reached to the threshold of the church proper) especially if it had made the object of a contest of at least national scope. In the process, perhaps the place — that continues to be guarded arm in hand (against whom?) — would have been exorcised. In point of city-planning, the choice of the Carol Park would have spared the centre of the city, already too suffocated, the presence of another colossal object, most likely instituting another height landmark in the makeup of the city, to lessen the importance of the current Republic House.
Unfortunately, that option, which would have saved the centre of the city was bluntly rejected. The alternative aired, the Youth Park, was, in a much too visible way, a relegation of the respective church from the centre and, anyway, proved insulting, given the presence of a former garbage dump on the respective location. No other serious proposition was put forth.
If think the position of the Commission of Historical Monuments would have been really interesting if, while rejecting the proposals of the Patriarchate, it had come up with viable alternative solutions. One idea that could hardly he turned down by the hierarchs would have been, for example, the reconstruction of the Văcăreşti Monastery. This contained a church that was most spacious for the present liturgical needs of the Patriarchate. It featured enough space for the functions demanded by the sponsor (among which a museum of the Christian Orthodox faith would have been easily rounded off by one of the demolitions carried on); quite numerous and significant elements of the former church have been preserved (capitals and even column flutes, part of the frescoes) and since a considerable restoration work had been achieved in the years prior to the demolition there exists sufficient documentation for either a minute restoration (like the remaking of the old centre, Stare Miasto of Warsaw, destroyed by Nazi air raids), or one where the old and the new should stand side by side.13 Moreover, and this is the central argument, this would have been a gesture with a special symbolical value that would give back the city a stolen monument, proving, in the process, the regret, be it frail, of the hierarchs, for the loss of the holy abode.
Whatever the truth, the thing is that very fast, the end-users of the building14 — as if knowing they are in the wrong as to the laws of the state and the professional demands of city-scaping and architecture but also in order to prevent any protest — placed there a road altar and proceeded to hallowing the place, a move subsequently corroborated by the Pope who kissed the altar when he visited Romania. Then a competition was staged of an ambiguous description: a city-planning contest that should have confirmed (or denied) the possibility for the Union Plaza to take over such a gigantic programme, the topic demanding architectural detailing of the cathedral itself. The ambiguity seems to have been desired and it leads to the suppression of the second stage, absolutely necessary in a competition of the kind, for the object proper. Further enhanced by the fact that the fist prize was not awarded (this would have made necessary the awarding of the project to the winning team), this state of indecision will very soon push to the surface a solution devised by someone that has nothing to do with the contest, that will observe none of the interesting variants proposed within the contest and will therefore turn the entire event — which the Romanian law requires for any public investment of such scope — farcical. When I write this text, the previous idea is just a forecast: it is very possible, I fear, that by the time this work is published, the projection will have turned real. This would be but the “logical” outcome of the unforgivable way in which the entire process has gone on so far.
NOTES
1 I designed six Christian Orthodox churches in the Slobozia and Călăraşi bishopric through the good will of the then bishop, H.E. Nifon. Five of them are in various stages of progress, while because of the lack of funds only the foundation of the sixth having been laid; a body of cells at Sfinţii Voievozi Monastery of Slobozia, a Baptist church at Zalău whose architecture was not observed in the process of construction; finally I have often published in the press on this topic.
2 Fiinţa si spaţiul, Being and Space, Bucharest, ALL, 1992 (with Radu Drăgan); Symbols and Language in Sacred Christian Architecture, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1996 (with Radu Drăgan); Visul lui Ezechiel, Ezekiel’s Dream, Bucharest, Anastasia, 1996
3 For details see the magazine Arhitectura 1-2/1999 “Biserici noi”, respectively the design for the Heroes’ Chapel by Răzvan Luşcov.
4 The project is presented in the issue of the magazine presented in the previous note.
5 This one “wraps up” or “bandages” buildings with huge covers, like for instance the Reichstag before restoration, turning the buildings into forms whose unique significance is given by the scale of the original edifices.
6 This is the more obvious if we make a comparison with the Catholic programme for the millennium in Rome, culminating with the contest for the Church of the Year 2000, won by architect Richard Meier.
7 Author of the Finnish Pavilion at Expo Sevilla 1992.
8 Joja was obsessed with sacred architecture, especially the Transylvanian wooden one. He participated in the 1990 conference of Brăila. After 1989, he even proposed the placing of a wooden church in the square of the National Theatre and in front of the Republic House.
9 In an interview granted to magazine 22, he deemed that the respective construction should be monumental, given that the present metropolitan cathedral is smaller than the church in his native village.
10 See the extremely rigorous article dedicated to the compulsory steps, from the legal, city-planning and architectural vantages, as worded and published in România literară by the former architect-in-chief of Bucharest, Prof. Dr. Peter Derer. The conflict irrupting on the topic between the professor and the interim mayor led to the resignation of Mr. Derer from the relevant position, to a text I published on the subject in the architecture column of the Libertatea newspaper and the fuming public attack directed at me by Mr. Lis, at the beginning of the discussion in connection with the Cathedral, organized in 1997 by the Group of Social Dialogue. The magazine 22 and Dilema dedicated, in fact, specialized issues to this discussion of the matter related to the project in general, as Vestitorul Ortodoxiei, the official organ of the Patriarchate also began direct attacks at the intellectuals “isolated from the people, free masons, perverted by Illuminist ideas” as Mr. Constantin Bălăceanu Stolnici defined them in an interview granted to the BBC (Romanian department) dedicated to the topic by those who proposed it or had objections at the designs, ranging from the immorality of the founding hierarchs (Andrei Pleşu), the gigantism of the proposed object (Alexandru Beldiman) to the ignorance of location and feasibility studies (Peter Derer).
11 Andrei Pleşu, “The Honour of the Church”, editorial in Dilema # 243-4, 19-25 Sept, 1997: “The representatives of the civil society, of the Commission for Historical Monuments, of the political class had serious reserves as to a gigantic object which, the way it is conceived can become only an indecent embodiment of “futile vanity”. If we all are the Church, then these voices come, in full justice, from the Church. More, they are outstanding voices of the Church. Not to mind their words is tantamount to excommunicating them. Can the hierarchs afford such a thing? In the name of what? In the name of what civic deed, in the name of what legal page? How can the Church suspend the freedoms and responsibilities of its members? In what other way than by worshipping its officials as an “avant-garde detachment” of all the faithful? This vanguard detachment made it a vocation, in the past fifty years, to allow itself to be defeated by the world. It vaunted the crimes of some apostates, it consented to homage-paying kowtowing and the barbarian demolition of irreplaceable abodes. It rustled up mean and bombastic justifications to allow the national lie, the misery of the bodies and the rape of the souls. How many of our grand hierarchs, when confronted with the demon of the dictatorship, thought if not of martyrdom at least of a modest withdrawal into the wilderness? They preferred to deem themselves indispensable, to wrap their cowardice in pious words about patience, wisdom and saving compromise. They survived in a state of half-sleep, at peace with themselves, in the haze of well-heated cells. And now, when for decades they refused to defend the honour of the Church, they suddenly find interest in its world pump. They want immanent glory as a reward for a long lack of courage. They want to crown their resignation with a triumph. Like the teachers of the law and the Pharisees, they want to clean the outside of the cup and dish, but inside they are full of greed and self-indulgence. (Matthew, 23, 25 )The result is foreseeable. The Cathedral of the Nation” will look like “whitewashed tombs”, not even very beautiful on the outside while on the inside [it will be] full of dead men’s bones and everything unclean. (Matthew, 23, 27)
12 Extremely funny was the point made on the public TV station by mayor Lis in support of the respective location. He maintained that the establishment should be positioned on a hill in order to be closer to God.
13 Along this line, see the studies before 1989 in favour of including the monastery in a new justice complex within the communist plans to turn the area monumental, as well as many other memorable documents on the demolition process in the book by the head of the entire operation, architect Gheorghe Leahu, The Demolition of the Văcăreşti Monastery, 1997.
14 In other words, the patriarch and the elite on the Metropolitan Hill, as well as the political topsiders, no matter the hue, because such a church is not a parish one, therefore destined to the faithful people, but to the great official processions of the leaders of the Romanian Orthodox Church and of the state which, encroaching its laws, they despise.