Author Archives: radutoderici
The Day of the Passion of the Men of Britain: Mistreţul ca o fantomă provocatoare de dezordine în literature welşă şi în poezia lui David Jones
Banshees irlandeze şi lumea subterană Tuatha De Danann
Corin Braga
Université Babes-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, Roumanie
CorinBraga@yahoo.com
Les Banshees irlandaises et le monde souterrain des Tuatha de Danann
Irish Banshees and Tuatha de Dananns’ Underworld
Résumé: Dans le folklore irlandais et écossais, les banshees sont des esprits, des fées ou des fantômes qui annoncent et/ou lamentent la mort des hommes. Le folklore chrétien les associe à des démons (parfois succubes) et à la sorcellerie. Leur nom, toutefois, bean sidhe, femmes des sidhe (ou tumulus funéraires) suggère une origine plus ancienne, dans la mythologie celtique païenne. Les sidhe et les cairns, hérités par les Gaëls indoeuropéens de la civilisation néolithique des mégalithes, sont, imaginairement, les entrées vers l’autre monde souterrain habité par le peuple magique des Tuatha de Danann. Seigneurs mythiques de l’Irlande préhistorique, les « fils de la déesse Danu » sont les ancêtres daïmoniques des Gaëls. Leurs femmes et filles, dames de féerie, sont des divinités du territoire et du sort. En tant que telles, elles leurrent les héros dans leur domaine, mais aussi consacrent les rois et les chefs. Leur aspect, soit terrifiant, laid et vieux, soit jeune, charmant et bénéfique, dépend de la qualité du héros qui, bon gré mal gré, est obligé d’avoir commerce avec elles. Notre travail se propose de démontrer que la banshee est une pseudomorphose chrétienne de cette figure celtique païenne.
Keywords: Irish mythology ; Tuatha De Danann ; Manannan Mac Lir ; Banshee.
Dans le folklore irlandais et écossais, les banshees sont des esprits, des fées ou des fantômes qui annoncent la mort des hommes. Elles sont des messagers de l’autre monde. L’apparition d’une banshee dans une maison ou un village est un mauvais pressage pour un des membres de la famille ou de la communauté. Plusieurs banshees rassemblées avertissent de la mort d’un grand personnage, un roi, un prophète, un saint. Elles sont donc une sorte de divinités du destin, à l’instar des Moïras grecques, plus précisément d’Atropos, la plus vieille des trois sœurs, qui coupe les fils des vies humaines[1]. Parfois elles apparaissent comme des laveuses, qui nettoient et blanchissent les habits teintés de sang des guerriers sur le point de mourir (Irlande) ou des morts ensevelis (Grande Bretagne). Des figures similaires apparaissent aussi dans le folklore allemand (les ”laveuses”) et français (les ”dames blanches”).
Appelées occasionnellement bean chaointe (keening women – pleureuses), les banshees ont aussi le rôle de lamenter les morts. Si pour les hommes simples le rituel funéraire prévoit la présence de pleureuses humaines qui psalmodient la caoineadh (’kweenyah’ – lamentation traditionnelle), quelques unes des plus fameuses familles historiques d’Irlande, les O’Grady, les O’Neill, les O’Brien, les O’Connor, ou les Kavanagh, bénéficiaient des services des pleureuses surnaturelles. Aiobhill était la banshee de la famille des Dalcassians du Munster du Nord, et Cliodna des MacCarthys du Munster du Sud. Des banshees en forme humaine faisaient partie de la cour et assistaient les rois d’Irlande. La sonorité de leurs plaintes funéraires allait d’un son bas et plaisant, entre le pleur d’une femme et le cri d’un hibou, jusqu’au claquement de deux planches heurtées l’une contre l’autre, ou un bruit très haut et strident, capable de briser le verre[2].
Le folklore chrétien identifie les banshees à des démons (parfois succubes) et à la sorcellerie. Il est parfaitement compréhensible que, en tant que personnages surnaturels préchrétiens, ayant commerce avec des héros païens, elles ont été associées aux figures négatives de la vision chrétienne du monde. Ainsi, elles sont une sorte d’anges gardiens des enfants non baptisés et des femmes pécheresses, et elles lamentent uniquement les âmes qui, ayant été reçues au paradis, échappent à leur emprise. Evidemment, il s’agit là d’un phénomène tardif d’acculturation et d’adaptation chrétienne hostile d’un matériel païen plus ancien.
À l’instar des sorcières, les banshees peuvent voler et prendre la forme de plusieurs animaux, comme le corbeau à capuchon, l’hermine, le lièvre ou la belette. Sous forme humaine, elles portent des habits paysans, blancs le plus souvent, et parfois une pèlerine rouge, verte, grise ou marron. Elles ont des cheveux longs, blancs ou blonds, dents noirs (en Cornouailles) et seins monstrueux, suggérant que, bien avant de devenir des harpies, elles avaient aussi une fonction maternelle et nourricière. Généralement elles sont vieilles et laides, mais elles peuvent se transformer aussi en des charmantes jeunes filles, surtout pour leurrer les humains[3].
Bien qu’assimilées dans le folklore chrétien, les banshees ont assurément une origine plus ancienne. Plusieurs hypothèses ont été avancées à ce sujet. Une de ces théories soutient que les trois formes de prédilection des banshees, une jeune fille charmante, une matrone nourricière ou une harpie terrifiante, correspondent aux trois apparences de la déesse de la guerre et de la mort, Badb, Macha et Morrigan. L’association des banshees avec Babd confère aux premières la possibilité de se transformer en corbeau, l’oiseau effigie de la déesse. Dans certains contes, une banshee est le premier aspect sous lequel se montre Morrigan, la terrible déesse irlandaise de la guerre.
Une autre possible ascendance des banshees est la déesse primitive de la terre et des eaux qui se retrouve sous les figures de Cailleach, Muilearteach (Irlande et Ecosse) et Black Annis (Angleterre). Cailleach, « la vieille femme », était la mère des géants Fomoré, êtres monstrueux qui habitaient dans les brumes du Nord et s’attaquaient périodiquement aux vagues d’habitants de l’Irlande. A face bleue et noire et bouche hurlante, elle était la patronne des animaux sauvages et des vents. Muillearteach avait la face bleue et grise, peinte de charbon, les dents rouges et un œil tout voyant. Elle voguait dans les montagnes sauvages et les marais et mangeait les enfants perdus qui n’étaient pas protégés par des charmes. Black Annis habitait une cave dans les Dane Hills du district de Leicester et attaquait les passants, spécialement les enfants[4]. Les banshees héritent cet aspect d’esprits des lieux, des arbres, des rivières et des pierres (plusieurs rochers in Waterford, Monaghan ou Carlow sont appelés « chaises des banshees »).
Toutefois, leur nom, ben síde (irlandais ancien), bean sidhe (irlandais moderne), bean shìth ou bean-shìdh (ecossais), femmes des sidhe (ou tumulus funéraires), suggère leur appartenance directe au aos si, le « peuple des sidhe », à savoir les Tuatha De Danann. Elles sont les femmes et les filles de ces seigneurs qui habitent le royaume souterrain qui double par-dessous la terre toute la surface de l’Erin. Les sidhe et les cairns étaient des constructions mégalithiques que les Celtes avaient héritées des habitants néolithiques de l’Irlande. Dans l’interprétation celtique, ils étaient les résidences ou les entrées vers les palais souterrains de ce peuple mythique qui fait figure non seulement de prédécesseurs, mais aussi d’ancêtres et d’esprits tutélaires des Gaëls[5]. Et, en effet, héritant à leur tour des Tuatha De Danann, les banshees sont des ”esprits familiers”, attribués aux familles ou clans les plus importants, mais relégués, avec l’introduction du christianisme, aux besognes négatives, comme l’annonce de la mort et le service funéraire.
Selon la chronologie mythique des invasions successives de l’île racontée dans Lebor Gabála Erenn (Le Livre des conquêtes de l’Erin[6]), une compilation amorcée après la christianisation, la tribu ou les « fils de la déesse Danu » seraient venus après trois autres vagues de migrateurs, les hommes de Partholon (ou Bartholomé), ceux de Nemed (le « saint »), et les trois tribus des Fir Bolg, Fir Gaillion et Fir Domnu. Pour se rendre maîtres de l’île, les Tuatha De Danann avaient dû vaincre autant les Fir Bolg que les monstrueux Fomoré, peuple aborigène vivant dans les brumes océaniques du Nord, dans deux batailles successives, portées à la même place, la campagne de Moytura (ou Magh Tuiredh). Puis ils furent à leur tour anéantis par une dernière vague d’immigrants, les Gaëls, le peuple historique des Celtes indoeuropéens.
Un autre récit présent dans le Livre de Fermoy, The Nurture of the Houses of the Two Milk-Vessels[7], raconte qu’après la défaite, les Tuatha De Danann ont dû se réfugier en dehors de l’Irlande, en deux territoires merveilleux : la tribu de Manannan Mac Lir, dans des îles magiques situées à l’Ouest ; la tribu de Dagda, dans un monde souterrain, situé en dessous de l’Erin. Chaque famille des Tuatha De Danann a pris en possession un des sidhe parsemés dans toute l’Irlande : Dagda, le père des Tuatha De Danann, est devenu le seigneur du fameux Bruig na Bóinne, que son fils, Oengus, lui prendra par une ruse ; à Bodb est assigné Sidh Buidb, sur le lac Loch Dergirt ; à Lugh, Sidh Rodruban ; à Ogma, Sidh Airceltrai ; Mider reçoit le Sidh Truin ; Sigmall, le Sidh Neannta ; Finnbarr, Sidh Meada ; Tadg Mór, fils de Nuada, premier roi des De Danann, Sidh Droma Dean ; Abartach, Sidh Vuide ; Fagartach, Sidh Finnabrach ; Ilbrec, Sidh Aeda Easa Ruaid ; Lir, fils de Lughaid, Sidh Finnachaid, « la colline de la plaine blanche » ; Derg, Sidh Cleitid[8].
Dans les récits irlandais, les îles magiques de Manannan Mac Lir et les palais souterrains des Tuatha De Danann sont nommés indistinctement Mag Mell, la plaine des délices, ou Mag Mór (grande plaine), nom général pour l’Autre monde celtique[9]. Presque tous les protagonistes des sagas irlandaises ont eu, à un certain moment de leur carrière héroïque, un contact avec le peuple enchanté des sidhe. Tous ont eu l’occasion, bon gré mal gré, de visiter le monde souterrain. Cu Chulainn, le champion de la Branche Rouge, du cycle d’Ulster ; les rois Conn, ses fils Art et Connla, et son neveu Cormac ; Finn, le chef de la chevalerie mythique du cycle de Tara ; d’autres héros ou anti-héros des traditions d’Erin, tous ont été exposés aux périls et aux charmes de l’autre monde.
Parmi les espèces littéraires dégagées par les compilateurs des premiers « livres » contenant les légendes irlandaises (comme The book of Leinster), deux se réfèrent à des voyages initiatiques entrepris par des héros gaëls dans ces places surnaturelles : les immrama, des voyages sur mer, qui mènent aux îles de Manannan Mac Lir ; et les echtrae, des aventures merveilleuses qui emmènent les héros au Mag Mell, dans ses variantes autant maritime que souterraine. Dans un autre travail, nous avons cru pouvoir dégager la structure narrative de ces espèces épiques. En approchant quelques-unes des echtrae les plus importantes, il nous est apparu possible d’isoler une suite de fonctions narratives : 1. la convocation du héros ; 2. le voyage au Mag Mell ; 3. le combat avec des ennemis surnaturels ; 4. le mariage avec une dame de féerie ; 5. le séjour dans l’autre monde ; 6. le retour en Erin. Ces six invariants épiques constituent une véritable ”morphologie” (comme dirait V. I. Propp) des echtrae[10].
Dans la plupart des echtrae, le héros humain est convoqué dans l’autre monde par une dame de féerie, une des femmes ou des filles des Tuatha De Danann. Le héros est invité à visiter le royaume enchanté d’une manière qui ne lui autorise aucun refus. Que ce soit un rêve, un enchantement, une demande d’aide ou une obligation exigée par la tribu, il ne peut se dérober à cet appel, sans inconvénient pour son prestige, sa santé ou le bien-être de ses compagnons. Les protagonistes ressentent l’obligation d’entreprendre telle excursion de beaucoup de manières, allant de la libre décision à la contrainte. Selon le degré de liberté dont disposent les personnages, il est possible de définir plusieurs types d’intrigues : le rapt, l’envoûtement, l’invitation, la demande d’aide, la recherche, l’agression.
Un rapt fameux est celui d’Aedh, fils d’Eochaid Lethderg, fils du roi de Leinster contemporain de saint Patrick[11]. Pendant que le jeune prince joue avec ses amis près du sidh de Liamhain Softsmock, il attire l’attention de deux dames de l’autre monde. Il s’agit de Slad et de Mumain, filles de Bodb et petites-filles de Dagda. Elles prennent le prince par les deux bras et l’emmènent dans leur palais enchanté. Aedh est obligé d’y rester pendant trois ans, jusqu’au moment où il a la chance de s’échapper du sidh avec cinquante autres jeunes prisonniers. Il va directement chez saint Patrick qui le prend sous sa protection contre le peuple de féerie et le restitue à ses parents.
Il arrive que la convocation soit moins violente, qu’elle agisse plutôt comme une incantation magique liant la volonté du héros. Dans un célèbre récit, Serglige Con Culainn[12], Cu Chulainn s’attaque à deux oiseaux enchantés, attachés par une chaîne d’or rouge, qui chantent divinement. En dépit des conseils de son conducteur de char, Laeg, et de sa maîtresse, Eithne, il leur lance deux coups de fronde et les pointe de sa lance, sans les toucher. Immédiatement après Cu Chulainn tombe dans un sommeil surnaturel et les deux oiseaux lui apparaissent en rêve sous la forme de deux femmes, habillées de vert et de pourpre, qui lui sourient et le frappent. Ce sont les filles d’Aedh Abrat, un seigneur de l’autre monde : Liban, la femme de Labraid, un des rois des sidhe, et Fand, la femme de Manannan Mac Lir. À son réveil, Cu Chulainn se retrouve dépourvu de son pouvoir héroïque et de toute énergie et tombe au lit. Après un an de maladie, il est visité par Oengus, un autre roi de la race magique des Tuatha De Danann, qui lui annonce que, pour récupérer sa force vitale, il doit aller chez les deux femmes du sidh.
Parfois, le châtiment magique prend la forme d’un envoûtement féerique. C’est le cas de l’invitation adressée par Mider, un des rois des Tuatha De Danann, à Etain, la femme du roi d’Erin Eochaid Airem[13]. Etain avait été originairement, dans l’autre monde, la femme de Mider, mais elle s’était réincarnée dans notre monde et avait épousé le roi d’Irlande. Pour la récupérer, le seigneur du sidh joue au fidchell (jeu d’échecs celtique) avec le roi d’Erin et la demande comme prix de la victoire. Comme elle hésite à le suivre, il lui chante des vers magiques, qui décrivent les délices de l’autre monde et exercent sur elle un effet anamnésique, lui rappelant qui elle avait été auparavant.
Arrivé finalement dans le Mag Mell, après un voyage magique et non dépourvu de périls, et ayant vaincu les gardiens ou les ennemis qui s’opposent à sa descente, le héros est invité à se marier avec la dame de féerie qui l’a convoqué. L’union a d’habitude une valeur politique. Oisin est tenté par Niamh avec la promesse d’être investi roi de Tir na n-Og, en tant que gendre du seigneur des immortels[14]. Laeghaire reçoit en mariage la fille de Fiachna, Der Greine (la « Pucelle du soleil »), et il reste à régner dans le sidh avec son beau-père. Cu Chulainn est aimé par Fand, la femme délaissée de Manannan, et c’est seulement l’intervention du seigneur de la mer, jetant l’oubli entre les deux, qui empêche l’intronisation du héros par une union maritale et détermine son retour en Erin. Finn, après avoir aidé le seigneur du Mag Mell à vaincre le « roi de Grèce », gagne l’amitié de la fille du roi, Tasha aux Bras Blancs.
S’étayant sur telles légendes, Frazer et d’autres analystes ont cru pouvoir rétablir un rite celtique (ou peut-être pré-indo-européen) de succession violente au trône, lié au culte de la Grande Déesse. Dans une conception de type supposé « matriarcal », la reine-prêtresse est le représentant du pouvoir sacré sur terre, le substitut de la divinité territoriale. C’est elle qui constitue l’axe organisateur de la communauté et du royaume, c’est d’elle que dépendent la fertilité et le bien-être de la cité. Les héros masculins ne sont qu’une sorte de satellite autour de la souveraine[15] et ne deviennent rois que s’ils sont élus maris par la reine : « La Souveraineté », commente dans ce sens Jean Markale, « incarnée par la Femme, se donne à celui qui est le plus qualifié pour la survie et l’expansion du groupe social dont elle est à la fois la mère, l’amante et la déesse »[16].
Les devoirs de la reine comprenaient même une sorte de « prostitution royale » : elle était tenue de « proférer l’amitié de ses cuisses » aux héros errants, pour attirer les meilleurs guerriers au service de la communauté. La légendaire légèreté de moeurs de la reine Mabd ne serait que le résultat de l’évhémérisation d’une figure divine, celle de la grande déesse du pays censée prendre en mariage tous les rois successifs du royaume. Selon Frazer, l’élection du mari et du roi se faisait à travers un combat ou un duel entre les candidats, ou même entre l’ancien roi, devenu faible, et un plus jeune et vaillant prétendant. Ce schéma se retrouve dans le rituel de succession violente à la fonction de prêtre de la déesse Diane du temple de Némi[17].
Si c’est le père ou le mari, donc le roi en fonction qui sort vainqueur, il enrichira de la tête du vaincu sa collection de crânes plantés dans des pieux autour de la maison. Le fort de Morgan, le père de la fille recherchée par Art, est entouré d’un cercle magique de dépouilles des vaincus. Le thème de cette exposition macabre, ayant son origine dans le culte chamaniste des crânes, se rencontre aussi bien dans les contes de fées européens que dans ceux d’origine asiatique. Si c’est le prétendant qui gagne, la femme ou la fille n’aura presque jamais, aucune objection à se marier à l’assassin de son père ou de son mari, comme si la châtelaine était « obligée par la coutume […] d’entrer dans la possession du vainqueur comme prix de la victoire »[18], chose assez surprenante pour notre morale moderne.
Toutefois, quelques remarques correctives s’imposent. Dans les légendes irlandaises, beaucoup moins que dans les légendes arthuriennes, le thème de la succession élective au trône ne s’applique pas au monde des vivants. Dans les royaumes des Gaëls, l’héritage est patrilinéaire, de père en fils, l’exemple le plus fameux étant la dynastie Conn – Art – Cormac – Cairbré (le roi qui aurait décimé la milice des Fianna). De plus, le thème du mariage ne s’applique que d’une manière partielle aux echtrae qui narrent une descente dans le monde des sidhe. Les seigneurs Tuatha De Danann ne s’empressent pas de donner la main de leurs filles aux héros vivants et, quand ils le font, il s’agit soit d’une alliance politique, soit d’un amour spontané.
Le prototype mythique, le modèle divin, de la quête maritale surnaturelle, est offert par Oengus ou Angus. Bien qu’il soit le fils de Dagda, donc un Tuatha De Danann, Oengus n’est pas à l’épreuve des tentations des femmes de féerie. Un récit appelé Le rêve d’Angus raconte comment il fut visité une nuit par une jeune femme de rêve[19]. De même qu’Achille qui rencontre en rêve l’image de son ami mort Patrocle et tente vainement de le saisir, Oengus essaie sans réussir d’embrasser la femme merveilleuse qui s’évapore dans ses bras. La deuxième nuit la dame apparaît de nouveau et lui chante une mélodie envoûtante. L’amour fantasmatique continue pendant plusieurs nuits, épuisant les forces vitales d’Oengus. Quelques siècles plus tard (dans une chronologie mythique), Cu Chulainn expérimentera à son tour la langueur paralysante du contact avec les femmes du rêve. Oengus cesse même de manger, ce qui est un symptôme du dépaysement et du changement de condition qu’il est en train de subir.
Bien que les druides d’Ulster soient conscients des dangers des amours dans la surnature, ni la médecine de Diancecht ni la magie de Goibnu ne peuvent guérir le protagoniste. C’est alors à Dagda et à Bobd Derg, le grand roi des sidhe, d’intervenir, envoyant des émissaires chercher la jeune femme. La quête s’avère difficile, mais finalement Oengus est appelé à reconnaître son amante dans Caer, la fille d’Etal Ambuel, le seigneur du sidh de Uaman, dans le Connaught. La demande en mariage ne se passe pas sans entrave, parce que Caer est une femme-cygne, à l’existence amphibie, entre homme et oiseau, trait archaïque qui rappelle la condition semi-anthropomorphe du Roi de la forêt et de sa fille. Pour obtenir sa main, Oengus doit accepter de se métamorphoser à son tour en oiseau et de partager avec son épouse féerique les changements de forme humaine et animale.
Dans La visite de Laeghaire mac Grimthann’s au royaume enchanté de Magh meall[20], Laeghaire est lui aussi récompensé par Fiachna pour son aide par une alliance maritale. Le roi souterrain lui offre en mariage sa fille Der Greine, la « Pucelle du soleil », et la couronne du sidh. De plus, les cinquante guerriers qui l’accompagnent reçoivent chacun une épouse surnaturelle. Cette correspondance parfaite entre le groupe humain et le peuple féerique est une caractéristique des expéditions initiatiques, les équipages et les troupes qui escortent les héros en l’autre monde recevant sans faille un nombre égal de compagnes.
Mais la relation entre le héros et la dame de Mag Mell n’est pas toujours harmonieuse ou fortunée. Si le protagoniste n’est pas aimé, s’il n’est pas le bienvenu aux royaumes des sidhe, alors il risque de sombrer dans des maléfices d’une gravité égale aux délices proposés aux élus. Bien qu’il constitue une récompense pour l’aide donnée par Cu Chulainn à Labraid, l’amour entre le héros et Fand n’est pas légitime. Il est même adultère, vu que Cu Chulainn a abandonné sa femme Emer et que Fand avait fui son mari, Manannan, pour se réfugier chez sa sœur, Liban, la femme de Labraid. Emer, la femme jalouse de Cu Chulainn, vient accompagnée de cinquante dames de sa suite, pour tuer Fand, et ce n’est que grâce à la protection de son amant que la femme de féerie survit à l’attaque. Dans la dispute qui s’ensuit, Fand décide de laisser son amant à sa rivale, mais la rupture est tragique pour les deux : Fand plaint son désespoir au bord de la mer, alors que Cu Chulainn erre solitaire dans les montagnes, sans manger ni boire. Heureusement, leurs souffrances sont soulagées par des interventions magiques. Le roi Conchobar envoie ses poètes consoler Cu Chulainn, puis ses druides qui lui donnent, à lui et à sa femme Emer, une boisson d’oubli. De l’autre côté, Manannan vient reprendre sa femme et l’emmène en Tir Tairngirne, après avoir secoué son manteau magique entre Fand et Cu Chulainn pour prévenir toute autre rencontre entre les deux.
Cu Chulainn est tout de même heureux de pouvoir bénéficier de la sympathie et de l’oubli offerts par Manannan. Ceux qui ne réussissent pas à assouvir leur amour surnaturel ou du moins à l’oublier risquent de s’éteindre vivants, de mourir de langueur, leur force et leur désir de vivre épuisés. Ou, s’ils deviennent les rivaux d’un seigneur de l’autre monde, ils auront à affronter sa fureur magique. La seule solution est alors de tuer le concurrent ou le protecteur de la femme, comme c’est le cas pour Art, qui doit massacrer toute la famille de Morgan pour épouser sa fille.
La pire situation qui puisse survenir, est de ne pas être aimé par la fille et de violer brutalement son territoire. Alors la dame de l’autre monde se montre sous un visage différent, terrifiant, abominable. C’est ce qui arrive à Finn et à ses guerriers quand, suivant un gibier, ils s’enfoncent dans la cave enchantée de Keshcorran[21]. En termes chamaniques, la chasse d’un animal est le correspondant profane d’une chasse à l’âme. Suivre un animal insaisissable sur un territoire défendu symbolise une quête maritale malheureuse. Pour punir les transgresseurs, le seigneur du sidh envoie ses filles, qui n’ont pas l’aspect de belles épouses mais de sorcières effrayantes. Ces dames de cauchemar sont l’anamorphose de la dame de rêve. Elles ont les cheveux ébouriffés, les yeux chassieux et rouges, les bouches noires et difformes, les gencives parsemées de crocs venimeux, des cous d’autruche, les bras extraordinairement longs, les doigts tels des cornes de bélier parés de clous, les jambes squelettiques, couvertes de poils et de fourrure. Ce type de transformation est spécifique aux divinités du territoire, qui apparaissent au bon roi comme des jeunes filles ravissantes et au mauvais comme des harpies, suggérant ainsi l’état du royaume.
Pareilles aux sorcières de Macbeth, les trois banshees de Keshcorran font leurs maléfices à l’intérieur de la grotte, utilisant des baguettes magiques. Le sortilège qu’elles jettent sur les guerriers est une inversion en négatif des promesses de jeunesse éternelle. Sous le charme, Finn et sa milice expérimentent en effet une perturbation de la durée. Mais pour eux le temps ne se dilate pas, il se fige plutôt dans une immobilité létale. Les guerriers tombent dans une paralysie complète qui les laisse sans défense. Au lieu de les emmener dans la Terre des délices, leurs contre-épouses les abandonnent dans un ténébreux labyrinthe souterrain, où ils risquent de pourrir indéfiniment jusqu’à ce qu’un autre héros vienne à leur rescousse. La face maléfique de l’immortalité béate est le sommeil de mort.
Les deux valeurs symboliques contrastantes de la dame de l’autre monde sont mises en évidence dans Les Aventures d’Art fils de Conn[22]. Les intrigues des echtrae successives des rois Conn et Art sont agencées par deux femmes de Mag Mell, Bécuma et Delbchaem. En tant qu’adultérine, exilée du royaume de Manannan, Bécuma est la porteuse d’une influence maléfique. Elle prend la place, auprès du roi Conn, de la reine défunte, comme un esprit vampirique désireux de se substituer aux humains, comme un être de néant qui vient remplir les contours d’un être vivant disparu. La mort de la reine d’Erin a lieu simultanément avec la proscription de Bécuma dans l’autre monde, comme si ces évènements étaient les termes d’un échange pernicieux. Dans les religions archaïques, le couple royal était le garant de la fertilité du royaume ; de son activité sexuelle dépendait l’abondance et la vigueur des moissons, du bétail et du peuple. Il n’est donc pas étonnant qu’avec l’avènement de la nouvelle reine, qui se trouve dans la position d’une divinité bannie et exclue de ses prérogatives, Erin soit sevré de la source surnaturelle de vie et dévasté par la sécheresse et la stérilité. Prêtresse impure d’un principe divin corrompu, Bécuma est jugée responsable par les druides du miasme qui bloque les forces vitales de la nature végétale, animale et humaine.
Le remède proposé par les druides et les aventures qui s’ensuivent sont également instructifs. Sur le conseil des mages, Conn part chercher l’enfant d’un couple sans péché. Il le trouve dans Segda Saerlabraid, le fils de Daire Daire Degamra de Tir na nIngnadh (Terre des Merveilles) et de Rigne Roisclethan de Tir Tairngirne (Terre de promesse), conçu à l’occasion de leur unique relation sexuelle. L’excès de pureté (la naissance de Segda renvoie à une conception immaculée, sans contact sexuel) est destiné à compenser l’excès de sexualité, le principe de luxure transgressive, la sexualité pure, sans procréation, symbolisée par Bécuma (qui d’ailleurs ne donnera pas de progéniture à Conn). Bien que le roi d’outre-mer s’oppose au départ de son fils, Segda s’offre lui-même comme volontaire à l’appel de Conn. Arrivés en Irlande, malgré les réticences du roi, les druides se préparent à sacrifier l’enfant. Ce sacrifice rituel renferme un symbolisme précis. Agissant en concordance avec son statut de dame de l’autre monde, qui appelle ou envoie les héros dans une aventure initiatique, Bécuma avait demandé à Conn d’exiler son fils Art. Comme Bécuma incarne la personnalité négative de la femme surnaturelle, le départ d’Art a la signification d’une occultation funèbre. Or, Segda, le fils du roi de l’autre monde, est en quelque sorte un otage que les druides utilisent comme monnaie d’échange pour obtenir le retour du fils du roi de ce monde. Segda invité dans le monde des humains correspond à Art envoyé dans le monde des esprits, et le sacrifice du premier en ce monde devrait en principe correspondre au sacrifice d’Art en l’autre et à son renvoi chez les humains. Heureusement, le rituel d’échange ne devient pas sanglant. La mère de Segda, déguisée, apporte à la cour du roi une vache propitiatoire, du corps de laquelle sortent deux oiseaux, l’un à un pied (symbolisant Segda), l’autre à douze pieds (symbolisant les druides). Le premier oiseau vainc le deuxième, d’où la conclusion que le pouvoir magique de Rigne Roisclethan surclasse le pouvoir des druides. Comme conclusion à cette ordalie, la femme de l’autre monde demande le châtiment des druides, recommande l’éloignement de Bécuma et emporte son fils dans le Mag Mell.
En fin de compte, l’échange entre les deux mondes a tout de même lieu, puisque, sans autre explication, Art revient à la cour de son père. Ses démêlés rituels avec Bécuma continuent, cette fois par l’intermédiaire du jeu de fidchell. Après avoir perdu une première partie, Bécuma gagne la seconde et envoie Art dans une deuxième expédition métaphysique – la quête de Delbchaem, la fille de Morgan. Comme nous l’avons vu, ce voyage réserve de difficiles obstacles géographiques, naturels, animaliers et surhumains. Mais après avoir tué la famille de Morgan, Art réussit finalement à rencontrer son épouse de féerie. Il l’amène avec lui en Irlande et succède au trône de son père. Sur le conseil de Delbchaem, il chasse Bécuma du pays et la prospérité revient en Erin. Symboliquement, l’aventure suit le schéma des cultes de fertilité, conservé aussi dans les contes populaires ou les romans de chevalerie sur le Roi Pécheur. Le roi vieux et sa femme stérile sont remplacés par le roi jeune et sa femme féconde, ce qui rend la fertilité et la richesse à tout le royaume. Delbchaem incarne donc l’aspect bénéfique de la femme de l’autre monde, opposé à l’aspect maléfique de Bécuma. Mais toutes les deux ne sont, en dernière instance, que les faces complémentaires de la dame surnaturelle, la jeune fille et la vieille harpie.
En conclusion, les Tuatha De Danann qui règnent dans les sidhe et dont les banshees folkloriques irlandaises dérivent, se comportent comme des esprits des ancêtres et des daïmons qui contrôlent le bien-être des vivants. Si leur invitation a, dans un plan métaphorique liminal, la signification d’un appel de mort, elle est aussi bien une chance d’éviter la mort et de surpasser la condition commune. Le rapt, l’ensorcellement, le charme, l’invitation, la demande d’aide perpétrés par les habitants des collines magiques, d’un côté, ou l’invasion, l’expédition accidentelle, la quête et le voyage initiatique entrepris par les héros, de l’autre, sont l’expression de la fascination exercée par le monde des esprits sur celui des vivants. C’est que, au-delà du péril de mort supposé par le contact avec l’autre monde, le Mag Mell rayonne toujours de la promesse d’un pouvoir, d’une connaissance ou d’une condition surnaturelle à conquérir.
Bibliographie
D’Arbois de Jubainville, Henri, Cours de littérature celtique, tome V, Paris, Ernest Thorin éditeur, 1892.
Braga, Corin, Le paradis interdit au Moyen Age. La quête manquée de l’Eden oriental, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2004.
―, La quête manquée l’Avalon occidentale. Le Paradis interdit au Moyen Âge – 2, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2006.
Briggs, Katharine, An encyclopedia of fairies: Hobgoblins, brownies, bogies, and other supernatural creatures, New York, Pantheon, 1976.
Brun, Patrice, Princes et princesses de la Celtique. Le premier âge du Fer en Europe, 850-450 av.J.-C., Paris, Editions Errance, 1987.
Cross, Tom Peete & Slover, Clark H., Ancient Irish Tales, London, 1937.
Cuchulain of Muirthemne. The Story of the Men of the Red Branch of Ulster, arranged and put into English by Lady Gregory, With a Preface by W. B. Yeats, London, John Murray, 1902.
Dillon, Myles, Early Irish Literature, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1948.
―, & Chadwick, Nora K., Les royaumes celtiques, Traduit de l’anglais, avec des textes originaux irlandais et gaulois par Christian-J. Guyonvarc’h, Edition augmentée d’un chapitre sur La Gaule dans le monde celtique par Christian-J. Guyonvarc’h et Françoise le Roux, Paris, Fayard, 1974.
Duval, Paul-Marie, Les Celtes, Paris, Gallimard, 1977.
Erickson, Carolly, The Medieval Vision. Essays in History and Perception, New York, Oxford University Press, 1976.
Frazer, James George, Le cycle du Rameau d’Or. Le roi magicien dans la société primitive, Traduction par Pierre Sayn, Paris, Paul Geuthner, 1935.
Graf, Arturo, Miti, leggende e superstizioni del Medio Evo, Roma, Plurima, 1989.
Green, Miranda, The Gods of the Celts, Totowa (New Jersey) & Gloucester, Alan Sutton, 1986.
―, Celtic Goddesses, Warriors, Virgins and Mothers, London, British Museum Press, 1995a.
― (éd.), The Celtic World, London & New York, Routledge, 1995b.
―, Mythes celtiques, Traduit de l’anglais par Marie-France de Paloméra, Paris, Seuil, 1995c.
Hubert, Henri, Les Celtes depuis l’époque de La Tène et la civilisation celtique, Paris, Albin Michel, 1950.
Hurlstone Jackson, Kenneth, The Oldest Irish Tradition : A Window on the Iron Age, Felinfach, Llanerch Publishers, 1999.
Kruta, Venceslas, Les Celtes. Histoire et dictionnaire des origines à la romanisation et au Christianisme, Paris, Robert Laffont, 2000.
Le Conservateur ou Collection de morceaux rares, & d’ouvrages anciens, élagués, traduits & et refaits en tout ou en partie, A Paris, Chez M. Lambert libraire, mars 1758.
Le Roux, Françoise & GUYONVARC’H, Christian-J., La civilisation celtique, Rennes, Editions Ouest-France, 1990.
―, Les fêtes celtiques, Rennes, Editions Ouest-France, 1995.
Lysaght, Patricia, The banshee: The Irish death-messenger, Boulder (Colorado), Roberts Rinehart, 1986.
Macalister, R. A. S., Lebor Gabala Erenn. The Book of the Taking of Ireland, 5 vol., Dublin, Irish Texts Society, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1946.
Mac Cana, Proinsias, Celtic Mythology, London, Newnes Books, 1983.
Mac Culloch, J. A., Celtic Mythology, London, Constable, 1992 (Ire éd. 1918).
Mackenzie, Donald A., Crete & Pre-Hellenic, Londres, Random House, 1996.
Mackey, James P. An Introduction to Celtic Christianity, Edinburgh, T & T Clark, 1989.
Markale, Jean, Lancelot et la chevalerie arthurienne, Paris, Imago, 1985.
―, L’amour courtois ou le couple infernal, Paris, Imago, 1987.
Megaw, J. W. S. & SIMPSON, D. D. A., Introduction to British Prehistory from the arrival of homo sapiens to the Claudian invasion, Leicester University Press, 1979.
Mey, Patrick, Saint Patrick (390-461). Nouveau druide ou apôtre éclairé ?, Spézet, Editions Coop Breizh, 1997.
O’Rahilly, Thomas F., Early Irish History and Mythology, Dublin, The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1946.
Old Celtic Romances, Translated from the Gaelic by P. W. Joyce, London, C. Kegan Paul & Co., 1879.
Patch, Howard Rollin, The Other World according to descriptions in Medieval Literature, Cambridge (Massachusetts), Harvard University Press, 1950.
Patrimoine littéraire européen, tome 3 Racines celtiques et germaniques, Bruxelles, Editions de Boeck, 1992.
Renfrew, Colin (éd), British Prehistory. A New Outline, London, Duckworth, 1974.
Revue celtique, tome XXVI, Paris, Librairie Emile Bouillon, 1905.
Rhys, John, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by Celtic Heathendom, London, The Hibbert Lectures, 1898.
Rolleston, T. W., Celtic, Gresham Publishing Company, réimprimé par Senate, London, Studio Editions Ltd., 1994.
Romilly Allen, J., Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times, London, Random House, 1997 (Ire éd. 1904).
Ross, Anne, Pagan Celtic Britain, Studies in Iconography and Tradition, London, Constable, 1992.
Silva Gadelica. A Collection of Tales in Irish, With extracts illustrating persons and places, Edited from Mss. and translated by Standish H. O’Grady, London, Williams and Norgate, 1892.
Sjoestedt, Marie-Louise, Dieux et héros des Celtes, Rennes, Terre de Brume, 1993.
Sorlin, Evelyne, Cris de vie, cris de mort: Les fées du destin dans les pays celtiques, Helsinki, Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1991.
Squire, Charles, Mythology of the Celtic People, London, Tiger Books International, 1998.
―, Celtic Mythology, New Lanark (Scotland), Children’s Leisure Products Limited, 1999.
Voyage, quête, pèlerinage dans la littérature et la civilisation médiévales, Sénéfiance no. 2, Aix-en-Provence, Edition CUER MA, 1976.
Wentz, W. Y. Evans, The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1911.
Notes
[1] Voir Evelyne Sorlin, Cris de vie, cris de mort: Les fées du destin dans les pays celtiques, Helsinki, Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1991.
[2] Voir Patricia Lysaght, The banshee: The Irish death-messenger, Boulder (Colorado), Roberts Rinehart, 1986.
[3] Voir Evans Wentz, Walter Yeeling, The Fairy-Faith in celtic countries, its psychological origin and nature, Gerrards Cross, Bucks, C. Smythe, 1977; Katharine Briggs, An encyclopedia of fairies: Hobgoblins, brownies, bogies, and other supernatural creatures, New York, Pantheon, 1976.
[6] R. A. S. Macalister, Lebor Gabala Erenn. The Book of the Taking of Ireland, 5 vol., Dublin, Irish Texts Society, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1946.
[7] ”La nourriture de la maison des deux gobelets” (traduction de J. Guyonvarc’h), dans Patrimoine littéraire européen, tome 3 Racines celtiques et germaniques, Bruxelles, Editions de Boeck, 1992, p. 98-117.
[9] Voir, par exemple, Howard Rollin Patch, The Other World according to descriptions in Medieval Literature, p. 3, 27.
[12] The Wasting Sickness of Cu Chulainn and the Only Jealousy of Emer, in Cuchulain of Muirthemne. The Story of the Men of the Red Branch of Ulster, 1902.
[15] D’après les commentaires de Jean Markale, 1985, pp. 46-51, dans la mythologie celtique primitive, à l’inverse des autres mythologies indo-européennes, c’est la femme archétypale qui est identifiée au soleil, et l’homme à la lune.
1xBet Live Betting
1xBet Live Betting
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There is nothing at all more interesting than betting for the final outcome of a certain event as well as the Russian betting website offers us more than just great circumstances for the purpose providing us a quite bigger choice of events and markets that we generally find in the biggest foreign bookies. Moreover – the options for live betting from this gambling platform are also more in comparison to those in the rest of the Ghanaian bookies.
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In the following lines you will see out how to make a deposit and require a withdrawal, as well as other important information about these two processes.
Deposits in 1xBet – guides additionally important information
The deposits in this Russian playing page can be made by simply clicking the homonymous button in the menu which is located on the leading side of the website. Is where you can take a look at all of the obtainable payment methods.
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They are all grouped in certain categories:
Recommended methods – Airtel Bekwai, ghana, MTN Ghana, Bitcoin, Excellent Money, Entropay. These are the most used payment methods and with the very best conditions.
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Payment systems
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Pre-paid cards
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Regardless what type of a method you will choose, the lowest deposit amount remains a similar and it is only 2 GHS.
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Located in the Deposit page, in the menu on the left part of your display you will see button for withdrawals in this betting operator. When you press on the button the method becomes the same as the one along with the deposits.
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1xBet Poker Room – Full Review
The poker divisions in 1xBet are far away from the bookie’ t level and in difference to many other gambling games, the poker room is worse when compared to those from the biggest universe leaders.
Yet, one way or another, there aren’ big t so many working betting webpages in Ghana that will provide you with poker games at all (in various other words, you don’ big t have such 1xbet type de paris a big choice to select from) so it is worth it for people to tell you more about the poker room in this gaming platform.
The Poker category includes a couple of main different rooms in addition to the following lines we are going to let you know more about them both.
Legion Poker
The Legion Poker room, unfortunately, can be played just and exclusively via a browser and due to this reason it is quite less visited in comparison to the other room. It is very rare to find more than 50-60 players on-line in this room and this amount is hundreds time below the number of the visits in the biggest poker rooms in the world.
The lack of enough players is a huge problem for one poker site as it means that most of the furniture will remain empty during quite often.
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Yet, this poker room offers the following games:
Dollars games – Cash dining tables on the following games The state of texas Hold Em, Stud and Omaha are offered, but the truth is that usually the last two tables remain completely empty and there are punters just in the Texas Hold Em furniture. Plus – the users generally take the tables with the lowest limits – $0. 01 / $0. 02.
Sit and Move tournaments – You will also locate sit and go tournaments with 6 contestants where all the gathered money from the entrance fees are spread between the players on initial and second place in the ultimate chart. Only during the key hours, though, you can hope that these six places available can be covered or put simply such a tournament can be done only during these key hours. During the rest of the time you may miss this category because the choice of a game here to begin rapidly is very small.
Spin and Go – One comparatively new poker format where the prize account is determined randomly and can are as long as 5 000 times more of the amount of the buy-in sum.
Tournaments – Every single day nearly ten tourneys are organized, including daily freerolls with a minimum of award fund of up to 10 GBP. In such a freeroll you can succeed money for your 1xBet consideration without paying a damn meant for an entrance fee. Apart from the freerolls the rest of the tourneys are not worth it to register as the number of your competitors will probably be either zero, or all around zero.
In general, the only thing Legion Poker room will be worth it to be seen is the set of daily freerolls.
Poker
The other room that is known as just Poker can be played not only via a browser, nevertheless also via one of these 3 applications:
Apps for Windows
Apps for Android
Apps for iOS
The big range of access methods helps this kind of room to be more productive and here we will often discover hundreds of players online which is not that bad for one on-line poker room in general.
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Currently, though, it offers us only Texas Hold Em dollars games with no limits while in future there is going to be added one more category referred to as Sit And Go. From this room we see active desks with up to $0, 50/$1, 00 limits, but in this article we once again see zero activity in the higher limitations. Yet, this is quite better in comparison to the other room the place that the active rooms are only those with the lowest blinds.
This poker room has become a serious improvement for the last one year plus the addition of Android and iOS apps made it possible for their activity per number of visitors for being significantly improved, too.
Here we find different interesting statistics such as one for the average amount with the pot, the average number of the hands per hour and the ordinary number of the players who start to see the flop.
As being a conclusion we can say that both of the poker rooms are worth it to appear. The first one is worth it to become checked out because of the freerolls plus the second one – because of the possibility to pay against hundreds of other players in the cash tables.
1xBet Live Betting
1xBet Live Betting
1xBet Live bets is a worth enough support in the page so we can say that every sport wagering lover is supposed to register here.
There is nothing at all more interesting than betting for the final outcome of a certain event and the Russian betting website presents us more than just great conditions for the purpose providing us a quite bigger choice of situations and markets that we generally find in the biggest foreign bookies. Moreover – the possibilities for live betting through this gambling platform are also considerably more in comparison to those in the rest of the Ghanaian bookies.
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For instance, at the moment our company is writing this review, we come across a selection of more than 450 complements for betting in 1xBet while betting websites with world popularity offer all of us nearly 50-100. In some of the key sport moments the phone number even exceeds 1 1000 which is a total record for the world betting industry. The matches from championships including the fifth division in Czech Republic, the football little league for players under 12-15 years old in Russia or maybe the dozens of tournaments in snow hockey are not unusual for this betting platform at all. What is even more interesting is that actually for one ordinary amateur meet of the fifth division in Czech Republic this gaming page offers us more than 180 different betting alternatives.
Do not feel that this bookmaker can afford to include so many events and markets in its platform because it puts on them a profit margin to be able to remain indifferent whether the odds are correctly defined. On the contrary, chances in the live betting category here are almost as high as individuals in the pre-match betting category. Yes, indeed, we say almost, but have in mind that in all of today’ h bookies the tendency is to place lower odds in the live comfortably betting category in comparison to the possibilities in the pre-match betting. In other words the almost part this is quite a normal thing.
1xbet live situations
The additional thing that is worth it to become said about the in real time betting category in this gaming company is that here you will additionally find bets on digital sports such as PES, Call of Duty, FIFA, StarCraft and many more. In these bet types you will be able to follow on your screen what is actually going on in each of the events so you may have the chance to make a more accurate prediction for the final outcome. The benefit, in PES game, for instance, in comparison to the traditional electronic sports in the rest of today’ s bookmakers is that here the quality is higher while the main difference is in the life long the events. One match in the PES digital game in 1xBet lasts nearly 10 minutes.
We simply cannot miss mentioning the fact that for the 3-digit availablility of sport events each day inside the page there is also a live streaming program available for the audience. The main advantage of this service in comparison to the same one out of the competitors is that below you do not have to make any first deposit in order to be able to follow the video game. By making 1xBet Registration you might get the right to watch all of the live stream events for free devoid of making either a deposit, or a bet.
This kind of betting page offers all of us different statistics data meant for hundreds of matches per day and besides the standard sport-technical reports punters also get information about the climate conditions, including temperature, air moisture, and wind speed as well as about the field frame of mind.
1xbet football
As a conclusion we can say why 1xBet is our favourite place for live betting. Allow me to share the main reasons for us to claim so:
Thousands of events for live gambling every single day
An excellent mix between professional situations on a high level and amateur, as well as tough contestants
Hundreds of matches with free statistics and live streaming every single day
The best bets on digital sports in the entire market
1xBet is a bets house where the deposit and withdrawal procedures are essentially standard and the only specific thing here (and a good one regarding the customers, too) is that a record-breaking number of payment methods are offered for these options. To become more specific the payment alternatives are 40 in total. They can be even more when it comes to a comparison for the world bookies. Yet, only a few of them, though are available for Bekwai, ghana. However , there are payment strategies which are specially listed meant for the African market and mainly for the Ghanaian industry – for example , the mobile payments via Airtel Money and MTN Ghana. The other specific thing about the deposits and withdrawals in this bookie is that it can be among those few betting on websites where the punters can easily deposit and require a withdrawal by using crypto currencies. All of those other gambling pages with this kind of opportunity are in 100% of the cases small or not popular among the audience in any way. On the contrary – 1xBet does not just offer such an alternative, but it is also well-known enough in both: Ghana and usually in the world and in this ballpark. There is one more thing this playing company leaves the completion behind and it is the fact that here you will find the least minimum deposit and withdrawal amounts. But let us tell you more and in details about all of these down below in this article…
In the following lines you will find out how to make a deposit and require a withdrawal, as well as another important information about these two operations.
Deposits in 1xBet – guides in addition important information
The deposits in this Russian gambling page can be made by simply clicking the homonymous button inside the menu which is located on the major side of the website. At this point is where you can take a look at all of the available payment methods.
1xbet deposits
They are all grouped in particular categories:
Advised methods – Airtel Bekwai, ghana, MTN Ghana, Bitcoin, Best Money, Entropay. These are the best payment methods and with the very best conditions.
Bank cards – Visa, Mastercard and Entropay
E-wallets – Skrill, Perfect Funds, Epay and others
Payment systems
Crypto currencies – Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Dash and even more than 10 others
Pre-paid cards
Playing objects
Regardless what type of a technique you will choose, the bare minimum deposit amount remains a similar and it is only 2 GHS.
To put, simply click on the preferred method you have chosen and in the pop-up window you will receive data for further steps to perform.
Withdrawal in 1xBet – guides and important info
Located in the Deposit page, in the menu on the left part of your display you will see button for withdrawals in this betting operator. As you press on the button the method becomes the same as the one with the deposits.
Almost all of the payment methods for a deposit are around for a withdrawal, too, as well as the only important missing you are MTN Ghana. At the charge of this, you can get your income via Airtel.
We’ ve got a single additional payment method in withdrawal section – loan company wire transfer.
There is one more difference between the deposits and the withdrawals. It truly is in the minimum amounts regarding the withdrawal the bare minimum amount is double or 4 GHS – nonetheless we have to admit that it is once again a very big difference in a very good matter in comparison to the rest of the betting pages.
1xbet withdraw
Being a conclusion we can say that there is absolutely no other bookie in Ghana where you can make a deposit at an amount of 2 GHS or perhaps ask for a withdrawal in a amount of only four GHS. Also, there is no other bookie where the punters obtain such a big choice for a payment method. Yet, the entire means of depositing or making a withdrawal is nearly the same everywhere and 1xBet will not hassle you about it at all.
1xBet Poker Room – Full Review
The poker divisions in 1xBet are far away from the bookie’ s i9000 level and in difference to many other gambling games, the poker room is worse compared to those from the biggest community leaders.
Yet, one way or another, there aren’ testosterone levels so many working betting pages in Ghana that will provide you poker games at all (in other words, you don’ capital t have such a big choice to pick out from) so it is worth it for all of us to tell you more regarding the poker room in this gambling platform.
The Poker category includes two main different rooms in addition to the following lines we are going to tell you more about them both.
Legion Poker
The Legion Poker room, unfortunately, can be played simply and exclusively via a web browser and due to this reason it is quite less visited in comparison to the other room. It is very rare to find more than 50-60 players on-line in this room and this amount is hundreds time lower than the number of the visits inside the biggest poker rooms in the world.
The lack of enough players is a huge problem for one poker site as it means that most of the furniture will remain empty during most of the time.
1xbet large group poker
But, this poker room offers the pursuing games:
Income games – Cash dining tables on the following games Texas Hold Em, Stud and Omaha are offered, but the truth is that usually the very last two tables remain fully empty and there are punters only in the Texas Hold Em furniture. Plus – the users generally take the tables with the minimum limits – $0. 01 / $0. 02.
Sit and Head out tournaments – You will also discover sit and go tournaments with 6 contestants exactly where all the gathered money from the entrance fees are disperse between the players on initial and second place in one more chart. Only during the important hours, though, you can hope that these six places available can be covered or basically such a tournament is quite possible only during these key several hours. During the rest of the time you can miss this category because the choice of a game here to begin shortly is very small.
Spin and Go – One comparatively new online poker format where the prize fund is determined randomly and can reach up to 5 000 times more of the amount of the buy-in amount.
Tournaments – Every single day nearly ten competitions are organized, including daily freerolls with a minimum of award fund of up to 10 $. In such a freeroll you can earn money for your 1xBet bank account without paying a damn to get an entrance fee. Apart from the freerolls the rest of the tournaments are not worth it to sign in as the number of your competitors is going to be either zero, or near to zero.
All together, the only thing Legion Poker room is valued at it to be seen is the pair of daily freerolls.
Poker
The other room that is named just Poker can be played out not only via a browser, nonetheless also via one of these 3 applications:
Applications for Windows
Apps for Android
Apps for iOS
The big availablility of access methods helps this kind of room to be more productive and here we will often observe hundreds of players online that is not that bad for one online poker room in general.
1xbet poker
Currently, though, it offers all of us only Texas Hold Em dollars games with no limits although in future there is going to end up being added one more category called Sit And Go. Through this room we see active furniture with up to $0, 50/$1, 00 limits, but in this article we once again see not any activity in the higher boundaries. Yet, this is quite better in comparison to the other room the place that the active rooms are only those with the lowest blinds.
This poker room has become a significant 1xbet bonus in kenya improvement for the last one year and the addition of Android and iOS apps made it possible for their activity per number of visitors being significantly improved, too.
Here we find several interesting statistics such as a person for the average amount with the pot, the average number of the hands per hour and the average number of the players who begin to see the flop.
As being a conclusion we can say that both of the poker rooms are worth it to be seen. The first one is worth it to be checked out because of the freerolls as well as the second one – as a result of possibility to pay against hundreds of other players in the cash tables.
1XBET APP APK
1XBET APP APK
In our 1XBet assessment, we have already provided you with an in-depth analysis of the Russian bookmaker’ s sports offer as well as the many betting, depositing, and withdrawal options that customers find at 1XBet. In the following paragraphs, however , we want to take a closer look at 1XBet’ ersus mobile offer. We will certainly discuss, whether the 1XBet app version is up to par when it comes to usability and betting choices, and we will also discuss the huge benefits of mobile betting with 1XBet as well as potential downsides.
Looking for a approach to bet on the road?
GET THE 1XBET APPLICATION HERE!
Installing of the 1XBet app
How to register
Deposit and disengagement
Logging out-and-in at 1XBet mobile
Usability and impression of the 1XBet mobile application
Mobile gambling at 1XBet
1XBet mobile betting test conclusion
INSTALLING OF 1XBET APP
Unfortunately, Apple users will be unable to find the 1XBet app for iPhones in their app store. However , this does not mean that the bookie does not offer a native app for i phone users – and Google android users alike. In both equally cases, the installation has to be done manually by starting 1xbet. com in your phone’ s browser. This will first of all take you to the cellular version of the 1XBet sportsbook. Technically, you could already sign-up and start betting on the cellular page. The mobile page is basically a reduced version on the 1XBet desktop version, and looks like this:
1XBet mobile browser version
However , if you want to achieve the native 1XBet app, you need to take a few more steps: If you slide down on the mobile site, you will find a link that says „ Mobile Applications“. By simply clicking this link, you’ll be redirected to a window with links to download either the 1XBet app installation for iPhone, or the 1XBet Apk (short for android os package kit). Click the press button and the app will be installed on your phone. Once the installation procedure has commenced, you can expect to receive a pop-up notification screen like this one:
1XBet Installation
All you have to do now is follow the recommendations. In our test, we applied an iPhone device, so there were to go to Settings -> General -> Device management. In the Device management menu, we all found the Enterprise application option as predicted. This is just what it should look like on your i phone:
1XBet Application Installation iPhone
Just click on “ Trust ‘ KONTRAST, OOO” and confirm in the pop-up windowpane, and the 1XBet app is ready to go on your mobile unit. When you open the software now, you will receive guidelines on how to set your favorite sports, as well as other tips that will help the app use. If you would like to get straight into that, just tap “ ignor” and you will get to the sportsbook.
At first glance you are able to already see that the native app is certainly worth the rather complicated installation procedure. In comparison to the stripped down cellular version of the bookie’ t desktop view, the 1XBet app offers a great deal more choices. To begin with the most important detail, you have a header and a footer menu that allow for quick navigation across different types of activities and special features, like the accumulator of the day, or popular events in sports.
1XBet App i phone
Et voilà, the 1XBet app is preparing to go and ready to be discovered. However , there’ s some more steps to take before you can commence betting. In the next paragraphs, we will show you how the registration works and how deposits are made, mainly because obviously you will need an active consideration with credit to be able to bet. If you have already taken these steps in the 1XBet desktop or mobile browser version, you may skip these sections, and go straight to our analysis of the 1XBet app usability.
HOW TO REGISTER
The registration inside the 1XBet app is fairly uncomplicated. In the app the default option is to do a swift registration using your mobile phone. In such a case you just enter your contact number and the currency in which you need to bet. You can also enter in a promo code. The registration is then verified simply by entering the code that you just received on your mobile product.
1XBet sign up in the app
Further options for enrollment are via e-mail or social networks or the 1XBet express registration. However , the latter option requires you to verify your at a later level as well. So it does not really generate things faster. Either way, the 1XBet registration should not cause a challenge, so let’ ersus move on to making deposits by 1XBet.
DEPOSITING WITH THE 1XBET MOBILE APP
In order to make your first bets at 1XBet, you certainly need some credit within your account. In terms of depositing choices, you probably won’ t discover a better bookie than 1XBet. The selection of payment methods is simply astounding. In our test, i was able to choose from a total of 43 different payment alternatives for our first deposit. With a minimum deposit of 1€ /GBP, you also don’ t have to commit to the bookie. If you want to take advantage of the 100% 1XBet Bonus, nevertheless , you will have to deposit a larger amount in order to get a higher bonus credit.
GET YOUR 1XBET FIRST DEPOSIT BONUS!
1XBet Depositing Options
As you can see, 1XBet offers a variety of credit cards, pre-paid cards, such as paysafecard, e-wallets, and even crypto currencies. In fact , 1XBet was one of the first betting shops that allowed for crypto orders with Bitcoin. By now, we have a total of 18 crypto currencies that you can choose from. However , it is important to understand that crypto currencies are always converted into € or GBP (or your country’ s currency). So technically, you cannot bet Bitcoins at 1XBet. non-etheless, the bookie’ s range of adding options is second to none.
1XBET LOG IN & OUT IN THE NATIVE APP
The log in/sign in at 1XBet pretty much practices standard procedures. One extra feature is the log in choice via social media. As we have talked about in the paragraph on the enrollment before, 1XBet allows new customers to register via their social networking accounts, such as facebook, google+, and twitter.
1XBet log in
If you prefer to log out before closing the app, you can do so by tapping the menu button inside the top left corner. At the bottom of the menu you will find the particular button for signing away of your 1XBet account. Don’ t forget that if you have registered at 1XBet making use of the express option, you should change your log in data.
1XBET NATIVE APPLICATION: USABILITY AND NAVIGATION
In terms of usability, the 1XBet native app фора 0 1xbet undoubtedly left a good impression about us. In fact , we observed the app to be a great deal better organized than the bookmaker’ s desktop version, which appears a bit cluttered with betting markets on the entrance page. In contrast to the 1XBet desktop version, the indigenous app has individual function highlights featured on the starting page, and just two menu bars – one header menu for different sports and a person footer menu for well-known events and accumulator during offers.
1XBet App Header Menu
In the header menu you can explore different types of athletics by swiping left. Sad to say, the icons do not constantly give away what kind of sport they represent, so it will take some time to find one’ s bearings. If you are unsure, simply tap the cog within the right and you will get a list of the various sports offered at 1XBet.
BETTING IN THE 1XBET APPLICATION
Betting inside the 1XBet app is really easy. Due to the great design of the native app, it is very simple to navigate across sports and different competitions. Furthermore, the various markets per sporting event also are very well organized. Just tap into on the respective event and hold for a second, and you should get straight to the betting markets. Don’ t forget to regularly check our bets tips in order to stay updated about the best picks through the day.
1XBet betting in the app
Once you have opened the event market segments, you can then expand or conceal some of the sub-markets in order to get a much better overview. To place a wager or to add a bet on your bet slip, just harness the respective odds and a pop up notification will appear that asks you how you wish to preceed with your wager. To get iPhone users, it should look like this:
1XBet app placing a bet
So you have the option of adding your choice to the guess slip to accumulate a multi-bet, to place the bet straight away, to select the odds for autobet, or to place a quick solitary bet using a promo code (e. g. for cost boosts). In order to find out, which option to choose, you should take a look at our different betting strategies. A little research here and there can help you improve your renouvellement significantly. If you decide to select a variety of odds from several betting markets to place a multi-bet, you will find all the betting choices on your bet slip. These range from accumulators, to system bets and many more.
1XBet App bet go
1XBET IPHONE APP APK TEST – REALIZATION
Overall, we can certainly recommend downloading the 1XBet app and apk. Even though, the installation procedure might be a bit more complicated than what app users are used to, it can be definitely worth the effort. The 1XBet native app presents pretty much everything a sports betting admirer can hope for: From an excellent variety in payment options to a broad range of situations and competitions in above 130 different kinds of sports.
Despite the vast give, 1XBet app users will find it very easy to find the way across the sportsbook and the numerous betting options per function. Furthermore, the bet go is well organized and allows for a variety of bet types, which range from accumulators to system and chain bets.
1XBET Promo Code
1XBET Promo Code
Today, the 1xbet app is one of the main trump charge cards of the represented bookmaker office. No matter where you are in the moment, you can still place bets if you use the iphone app. The 1xbet mobile software enable you to keep abreast of the newest media and monitor only the most appropriate offers from experts. Nowadays, you can use the platform within a hassle-free format and place wagers from anywhere in the world. The progressive 1xbet apk is constantly up to date and available for all types of operating systems.
You are able to down load this modern development through the official online web site with the bookmaker office. Just to visit a special section to try progressive development and privately assess all it is advantages.
This kind of program is what the office is proud of. Every single section is correctly thought-out, which makes practical work with quick and easy. It is enough to como usar o bonus 1xbet down load the 1xbet application, and all the remaining processes will be completed automatically.
1xbet app for Android
It is this wagering option that is right now the most famous among fans. The 1xbet Android app offered not simply from the official internet site with the office, but also via a special store. Just a couple of clicks lie between you and successful gambling provided by one of the most trusted bookies in this market message.
The first step to obtain users is to enter the info. If you already have an bill right here, you can simply enter the account information; on the other hand if you don’ to have an bill, you can easily enroll here.
The 1xbet apk for this main system gets the following advantages:
High-quality interface that helps you easily navigate the application. This is important not only for those who value their very own time, but also for betting in general. The precious a few moments you lost can directly affect the coefficients. You will be able to find the most recent and tested information in the event you work with the reliable bookmaker office, additionally you’ ll get the chance to make estimations for conflict in real time.
Hassle-free transition between sections. Friendly confrontations are put in a special column. The rest of situations is easy to find in their exceptional sections. The 1xbet Google android app possesses such function, so you will never experience any difficulties when using it.
Fast data revise.
Access to exceptional entertainment.
It turns out that the 1xbet app ensures the absence of any costs in comparison to the full site and the opportunity to earn money regardless of your overall location. The main thing is to have got a stable Internet connection, which will become the basis of innovative victories. 1000s of registered users who have chosen to come with the developing bookmaker business office have already were able to make sure with this.
The app allows to get access to the entire figures with just a couple of clicks and use this information to your benefit. Likewise, all bonuses can be bought in this innovative development. They will make the betting even more money-making from a financial point of view. You will find bonuses for both rookies who have are just taking their first steps at the program, as well as for the experienced bettors. This is a fantastic opportunity to significantly lessen economical costs and privately prefer the benefits of working with specialists.
The 1xbet Google android app is quickly kept up to date several times a year. It does not take up much space in the device and does not decrease their operation. Now, you can perform in a convenient structure. Moreover, the app enables you to without difficulty follow the latest reports from your world of sports fights. This is very important for sports betting. It is just a extensive analysis of all data which is the key to a great effect even in a long lasting function. You can really count on good reward given such helpful terms of co-operation.
You can choose from unique athletics and make estimations at any time of the day. Don’ t forget the fact that 1xbet mobile app gives not only the most popular effects, although also the specific ones the same as the full version with the internet site. Thanks to this approach, the game in the reliable office will probably be more profitable. Betting aficionados from all over the world have already made sure of these.
Proceed to the app market for your operating-system or to the official website together with the bookmaker office to acquire the innovative development absolutely free and personally assess the benefits associated with using it.
1xbet app for iOS
Apple unit owners will not be left out. They can download the app manufactured by specialists, too. Using it, they will stick to the most latest data and convert their know-how in a good profit. You can find nothing at all complicated about it. Today, the 1xbet apk iis a remarkable production that you can use 24 hours a day.
The app is exceedingly very clear even for a beginner. In each section, there is a necessary information, which is after that easily converted into profit for yourself. It’ s enough to make only a few clicks on the iPhone to obtain the verified information.
Another beneficial advantages of the 1xbet app include:
Detailed progress each section. Here you cannot only place bets, nonetheless also learn the latest details. If you have any questions, you can always contact customer service support associates who are ready to meet the needs of the purchasers and provide them with the most helpful and simple conditions for resilient cooperation. Easy navigation. Quick installation and updates. You are able to upload it to an apple ipad tablet.
This list can go on and on. Nevertheless , the main proof that the program is very high-quality one, can be its popularity among the bettors. Many users have already liked the main advantages of this bets option, as it allows these to save time and effort.
While you have to sit at the PC to work with the site, the app allows you to get every one of the news wherever you are. The main state is the steady Internet connection. Whenever there are not any problems with that, then you can fully enjoy cohesiveness with experts. iOS units owners will now be able to follow sports confrontations live and make forecasts with the most engaging rapport on the market.
Obtain app and gain 130€
1xbet iphone app for Windows phone
The professionals took time to produce an innovative version of work pertaining to owners of gadgets with this kind of operational system. Down load the 1xbet mobile software to throw yourself inside the betting community with the virtually all profitable coefficients on the market.
The bookmaker office guarantees you:
Fast affiliate marketer payouts of money you’ ve was the winner.
Wide type of events. For this reason, more persons choose to gamble here, even those who consider sports estimates the main source of income for themselves.
Superior odds. Professionals have no problems with this both. Here, just about every user can count on reasonable payments, which they get in circumstance of a winning forecast.
Now, you do not need to spread out a browser and hold out to launch the application. You are able to overlook it forever. There is now an even more progressive version of playing available for customers. Utilize the 1xbet apk, which has been repeatedly examined before launching on the market.
This app provides you with to be able to take advantage of brand new prospects. The knowledgeable bettors will not likely let us rest, there are not any limits below, so you can fully recognize your talent and put your understanding in the field of the chosen sport in practice. This kind of offer is exactly what let this bookmaker stand out against the competitors available in the market.
Enjoy amazing confrontations each day with the 1xbet app and receive the list of beneficial promo offers regularly. Now, earning money on them will be very 1xbet easy. All you need is just a couple of clicks to ensure new profits, which will be based solely in your knowledge.
This program can be saved both on the desktop of your PC and into any folder. The most crucial thing is that now you won’ testosterone levels waste time. The world is in the gadget now, and it’ s really very cool. Together with the proven office, you will not only become the first to learn regarding changes in the sports activities arena, but will also frequently convert the knowledge received in profit. They have never recently been so easy to obtain before.
Can still do not believe it? Then simply, download the progressive creation for your operating system and individually assess the advantages of working with the marketplace leader
1XBET APP APK
1XBET APP APK
In our 1XBet assessment, we have already provided you with an in-depth analysis of the Russian bookmaker’ s sports present as well as the many betting, playing, and withdrawal options that customers find at 1XBet. In the following paragraphs, however , we want to take a closer look at 1XBet’ t mobile offer. We definitely will discuss, whether the 1XBet app version is up to par in terms of usability and betting alternatives, and we will also discuss the advantages of mobile betting with 1XBet as well as potential disadvantages.
Looking for a method to bet on the road?
GET THE 1XBET IPHONE APP HERE!
Installation of the 1XBet app
How to register
Deposit and disengagement
Logging in and out at 1XBet mobile
Usability and impression of the 1XBet mobile application
Mobile sports betting at 1xbet 360 1XBet
1XBet mobile betting evaluation conclusion
INSTALLING OF 1XBET APP
Unfortunately, Apple users will be unable to find the 1XBet app for iPhones within their app store. However , this does not signify the bookie does not give a native app for i phone users – and Android users alike. In the two cases, the installation should be done manually by opening 1xbet. com in your phone’ s browser. This will initially take you to the mobile phone version of the 1XBet sportsbook. Technically, you could already register and start betting on the mobile page. The mobile page is basically a reduced version of the 1XBet desktop version, and looks like this:
1XBet mobile browser version
However , if you want to find the native 1XBet app, take a few more steps: If you browse down on the mobile site, you will find a link that says „ Mobile Applications“. By clicking this link, you’re going to be redirected to a window with links to download possibly the 1XBet app assembly for iPhone, or the 1XBet Apk (short for google android package kit). Click the button and the app will be attached to your phone. Once the unit installation procedure has commenced, you will receive a pop-up notification window like this one:
1XBet Installation
All you have to do now is follow the instructions. In our test, we employed an iPhone device, so there were to go to Settings -> Standard -> Device management. Inside the Device management menu, we all found the Enterprise software option as predicted. This is what it should look like on your i phone:
1XBet Application Installation iPhone
Just click on “ Reliability ‘ KONTRAST, OOO” and confirm in the pop-up screen, and the 1XBet app is able to go on your mobile system. When you open the iphone app now, you will receive instructions on how to set your favorite sports, as well as other tips that will help in the app use. If you want to get straight into it, just tap “ ignor” and you will get to the sportsbook.
At first glance you can already see that the local app is certainly worth the rather complicated installation technique. In comparison to the stripped down portable version of the bookie’ s i9000 desktop view, the 1XBet app offers a great deal more alternatives. To begin with the most important detail, you have a header and a footer menu that allow for swift navigation across different types of sports and special features, like the accumulator of the day, or well-liked events in sports.
1XBet App i phone
Et voilà, the 1XBet app is ready to go and ready to be looked into. However , there’ s a few more steps to take before you can begin betting. In the next paragraphs, all of us will show you how the registration functions and how deposits are made, because obviously you will need an active account with credit to be able to gamble. If you have already taken actions in the 1XBet desktop or perhaps mobile browser version, you are able to skip these sections, and go straight to our analysis from the 1XBet app usability.
HOW TO REGISTER
The registration in the 1XBet app is fairly straightforward. In the app the standard option is to do a easy registration using your mobile phone. In this case you just enter your contact number and the currency in which you want to bet. You can also enter a promo code. The registration is then verified by entering the code that you received on your mobile unit.
1XBet registration in the app
Further options for subscription are via e-mail or social networks or the 1XBet express registration. However , the latter option requires you to verify your account at a later stage as well. So it does not really make things faster. Either way, the 1XBet registration should not present a challenge, so let’ s move on to making deposits by 1XBet.
DEPOSITING WITH THE 1XBET MOBILE APP
In order to make your first wagers at 1XBet, you naturally need some credit in your account. In terms of depositing alternatives, you probably won’ t look for a better bookie than 1XBet. The selection of payment methods is just astounding. In our test, we were able to choose from a total of 43 different payment options for our first money. With a minimum deposit of 1€ /GBP, you also don’ t have to commit to the bookie. If you want to benefit from the 100% 1XBet Bonus, nevertheless , you will have to deposit a larger value in order to get a higher bonus credit.
GET YOUR 1XBET FIRST DEPOSIT BONUS!
1XBet Depositing Choices
As you can see, 1XBet offers a variety of credit cards, pre-paid cards, such as paysafecard, e-wallets, and even crypto currencies. Actually 1XBet was one of the first bookies that allowed for crypto ventures with Bitcoin. By now, there exists a total of 18 crypto currencies that you can choose from. Nevertheless , it is important to understand that crypto currencies are always converted into € or GBP (or the country’ s currency). Consequently technically, you cannot bet Bitcoins at 1XBet. Nonetheless, the bookie’ s range of depositing options is second to none.
1XBET LOG IN & OUT IN THE NATIVE APP
The log in/sign in at 1XBet pretty much employs standard procedures. One extra feature is the log in choice via social media. As we have stated in the paragraph on the sign up before, 1XBet allows new clients to register via their social media accounts, such as facebook, google+, and twitter.
1XBet log in
If you prefer to log out before closing the software, you can do so by tapping the menu button inside the top left corner. In the bottom of the menu you will find the particular button for signing out of your 1XBet account. Don’ t forget that in case you have registered at 1XBet making use of the express option, you should enhance your log in data.
1XBET NATIVE SOFTWARE: USABILITY AND NAVIGATION
In terms of usability, the 1XBet native app undoubtedly left a good impression on us. In fact , we observed the app to be a lot better organized than the bookmaker’ s desktop version, which in turn appears a bit cluttered with betting markets on the forward page. In contrast to the 1XBet desktop version, the local app has individual function highlights featured on the starting site, and just two menu pubs – one header menu for different sports and 1 footer menu for popular events and accumulator during offers.
1XBet App Header Menu
In the header menu you can explore different types of athletics by swiping left. Regrettably, the icons do not constantly give away what kind of sport they represent, so it is going to take some time to find one’ t bearings. If you are unsure, simply tap the cog for the right and you will get a set of the various sports offered at 1XBet.
BETTING IN THE 1XBET APPLICATION
Betting in the 1XBet app is really easy. Due to the great design of the native app, it is very easy to navigate across sports and various competitions. Furthermore, the various market segments per sporting event also are very well organized. Just tap into on the respective event and hold for a second, and you will probably get straight to the playing markets. Don’ t forget to regularly check our playing tips in order to stay kept up to date about the best picks of the day.
1XBet playing in the app
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